Factors influencing the short-term variation in phytoplankton composition and biomass in coral reef waters

Abstract

The short-term temporal dynamics of phytoplankton composition was compared among coral reef waters, the adjacent ocean and polluted harbour water from July until October along the south-western coast of Curacao, southern Caribbean. Temporal variations in phytoplankton pigment 'fingerprints' (zeaxanthin, chlorophyll b, 19′-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, fucoxanthin, 19′-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, chlorophyll c 2 and c 3 relative to chlorophyll a) in the ocean were also observed in waters overlying the reef. However, with respect to specific pigments and algal-size distribution, the algal composition in reef waters was usually slightly different from that in the oceanic water. Phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a) was either higher or lower than in the oceanic water. The relative amount of fucoxanthin and peridinin was usually higher, and the relative and absolute amount of zeaxanthin was significantly lower than in oceanic water. Zeaxanthin-containing Synechococci were significantly reduced in reef water. Average algal cell size increased from the open water to the reef and the harbour entrance. Large centric diatoms (>20 m O) were better represented in reef than in oceanic water. In reef-overlying waters, the nitrate and nitrite concentrations were higher than in oceanic water. In front of the town, anthropogenic eutrophication (sewage discharge and ground water seepage) resulted in higher NH4, NO3 and PO4 concentrations than at other reef stations. This concurred with significantly enhanced phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a), chlorophyll c 2 and peridinin amounts at Town Reef compared with the other reef stations. Polluted harbour water usually showed the highest phytoplankton biomass of all stations, dominated by diatoms and dinoflagellates. Conditions in reef waters and harbour water promoted the occurrence and the relative abundance of diatoms and dinoflagellates. Harbour water did not influence the phytoplankton composition and biomass at reef stations situated >5 km away from the harbour entrance. We conclude that phytoplankton undergoes a shift in algal composition during transit over the reef. The dominant processes appear to be selective removal of zeaxanthin-containing Synechococcus (by the reef benthos) and (relative) increase in diatoms and dinoflagellates. The difference in the phytoplankton composition between reef and oceanic waters tends to increase with decreasing dilution of reef water with ocean water.