Abstract
This questionnaire-laboratory based cohort study evaluated some socio-demographic characteristics and urothelial integrity among pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients. A total of 49 confirmed TB positive patients (males= 17 and females =32) within the age range of 10-79 years were recruited from Abeokuta and Ilishan metropolises, and divided into 2 groups: patients on anti-TB drugs and those not on anti-TB drugs. Smears made using cell deposits from fresh clean catch urine samples were stained by the Papanicolaou and Giemsa techniques. In this study, high frequency of TB infection was associated with gender, ethnicity, residency, marital status, occupation, and income status. The prevalence of urothelial lesion and breast tuberculosis was 24.5% and 8.2%, respectively with high frequency among patients within the age range of 30 to 39 years. A significant difference between patients on anti-TB drugs and those not on anti-TB drugs was observed in relation to low grade urothelial lesions (p<0.05). Subgroup comparison showed that approximately 47%, 45%, 34% and 17% of the urothelial lesions were associated with lack of TB therapy, HIV and TB co-infection, females and breast tuberculosis, respectively when compared with other subgroups. Interestingly, polyomavirus (45%), HIV (43%) fungal infections (39%), parasites (24%) and crystals (18%) were associated with the urothelial lesions (p<0.05). This study suggests that lack of TB therapy, age, female-sex and some co-infections may increase the risk of urothelial lesions and breast tuberculosis. Thus, female patients living in TB endemic areas and within the age range of 30 to 59 years should be screened pre- and post treatment.
Highlights
Tuberculosis (TB) is still a leading cause of death, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries and transmitted through droplet aerosolization by an individual with active pulmonary disease [1]
Smears were classified from negative for urothelial lesion to high grade lesion based on the following criteria: Low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma/lesion is characterized by an overall orderly appearance, cohesion, minimal variability in architectures, and lack of significant cytologic atypia and mitotic activity [20,21]
Tuberculosis may be expected to be high among polygamous families as more contact will be made in such setting; this study showed high TB infection among the married and monogamous families compared to their counterparts
Summary
Tuberculosis (TB) is still a leading cause of death, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries and transmitted through droplet aerosolization by an individual with active pulmonary disease [1]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 2 billion people, equal to one-third of the world’s population, are currently infected with tuberculosis bacilli with 9.2 million new cases and 1.7 million deaths TB in 2006 [3]. Nigeria ranked eleventh among the 22 high-burden countries in the world in 2013, with a total of 180,000 cases occurring annually [5]. The burden of cancer is increasing globally, with an expected 20 million new cases in 2020, half of which will be in the low-and middle-income countries [7]. With the increasing prevalence of TB cases in Nigeria, the incidence of bladder cancer, urothelial carcinoma or lesions among
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