Factors influencing development of portal hypertensive gastropathy in patients with portal hypertension

Abstract

Portal hypertensive gastropathy (PGP) is an important cause of bleeding in portal hypertension patients. Although hyperdynamic congestion seems to be the underlying mechanism, the factors that influence the development of PGP are not understood. To investigate these, 107 patients [cirrhosis, 35; noncirrhotic portal fibrosis (NCPF), 24; extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO), 46; Budd-Chiari syndrome, 2] were prospectively studied. Eighty-three patients had Child's A, 17 had Child's B, and 7 had Child's C liver disease. Before sclerotherapy, although intravariceal pressure was similar, 4 cirrhosis patients (3.7%) but no NCPF or EHPVO patients had PGP. After sclerotherapy, 21 additional patients (20.3%) developed PGP during a follow-up of 23.2 ± 3.4 months (range, 1–52). The incidence of PGP was higher in cirrhotic patients (37.1%) than in NCPF (16.7%; P < 0.05) or EHPVO (8.7%; P < 0.01) patients. The probability of developing PGP among all patients at the end of 52 months of follow-up was 30%, more in cirrhosis than in EHPVO (55% vs. 15%; P < 0.005). Only 2 patients bled from PGP during follow-up. Development of PGP correlated with severity of liver disease, being more common in Child's C than Child's A patients (87% vs. 13%; P < 0.001). PGP was seen more often in patients with gastroesophageal varices than in patients with esophageal varices alone (42% vs. 11%; P < 0.01). In conclusion, the results show that development of PGP is significantly influenced by sclerotherapy, severity of liver disease, etiology of portal hypertension and coexisting gastric varices and is not directly correlated with intravariceal pressure.