Abstract
The paper attempts to synthesize the determinants which may influence the diurnal rhythm of blooming. Additionally, I tried to explore and bring together topics that concern blooming and have always been considered separately because of their origin in different disciplines. The following species were included: <i>Hydrangea arborescens</i> L. subsp. <i>discolor</i> (Raf.), <i>H. paniculata</i> Sieb., <i>Viburnum opulus</i> L., <i>Chaenomeles japonica</i> Lindl., <i>Knautia arvensis</i> L., <i>Adonis vernalis</i> L., <i>Aster saggitifolius</i> Willd., <i>Taraxacum officinale</i> L. <i>Chelidonium majus</i> L. The taxons were observed in Lublin (51008' - 51018' N and 21027' - 21041' E) in the years 2001-2007. The blooming of species was determined at least for two vegetation seasons. During observations all flowers developed in one-hour intervals were counted. The diurnal dynamics of blooming differs among species and is modified by different endogenous and exogenous factors. The endogenous determinants of diurnal dynamics of blooming are morphological diversity of flowers (fertility or sterility) within species or heterostyly. The different pattern of blooming succour different mechanisms which prevent self-pollination (<i>Chaenomeles japonica</i> Lindl., <i>Knautia arvensis</i> L.). The abiotic factors, such as day length and temperature during the vegetation season, influence the change in the process of diurnal dynamics of blooming (e. g. <i>Taraxacum officinale</i>, <i>Chelidonium majus</i>).
Highlights
Blooming is a part of the plant breeding system.The male reproductive structures of the flower release pollen and take part in pollination
A different reaction of flowering in relation to changes in relative humidity and temperature was observed in Taraxacum officinale and Adonis vernalis
The diurnal dynamics of blooming differ among species and are modified by different endogenous and exogenous agents; all these factors ought to be taken under consideration during observation of blooming
Summary
Blooming is a part of the plant breeding system. The male reproductive structures of the flower release pollen and take part in pollination. The process is of great importance for successful sexual reproduction and the ensuing development of seeds and fruits depend on flowering at the right time. These strategies have been selected during evolution to optimize reproductive success at minimal metabolic costs and are closely connected with pollinators’ activity (van D o r n , 1997). Diurnal or nocturnal patterns are known, and flowers may open systematically (Ribes nigrum L. or Robinia pseudoacacia) or with different intensity during the day (Prunus sp., Malus sp.) – (Jabłoński and Szklanowska , 1997). Long-term studies have proven that mostly temperatures influence the process of flower opening. Even less predictable factors, such as nutrients or wind, can modulate flowering time, depending on the species (Ausin et al 2005). I tried to explore and bring together topics that concern blooming and have always been considered separately because of their origin in different disciplines
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