Abstract
BackgroundLow 24-hour urine volume (24UV) may be a significant risk factor for decline in kidney function. We therefore aimed to study associated markers and possible determinants of 24UV in a sample of the Swiss population.MethodsThe cross-sectional Swiss Salt Study included a population-based sample of 1535 (746 men and 789 women) individuals from three linguistic regions of Switzerland. Data from 1300 subjects were available for the present analysis. 24UV was measured using 24-hour urine collection. Determinants of 24UV were identified using multivariable linear regression models.ResultsIn bivariate analysis, 24UV was higher in women compared to men (2000 ml/24 h [interquartile range (IQR): 1354, 2562] versus 1780 ml/24 h [IQR: 1244, 2360], p = 0.002). In multivariable regression analyses, independent associated markers of 24UV were female sex (β = 280, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 174, 386, p < 0.0001), fluid intake (β = 604, 95% CI: 539, 670, p < 0.0001), sodium excretion (β = 4.2, 95% CI: 3.4, 4.9, p < 0.0001) age (β = 6.6, CI: 3.4, 9.7, p < .0001), creatinine clearance (β = 2.4, CI: 0.2, 4.6, p = 0.04), living in the German-speaking part of Switzerland (β = 124, CI: 29, 219, p = 0.01), alcohol consumption (β = 41, CI: 9, 73, p = 0.01 for increasing categories of alcohol consumption), body mass index (β = −32, CI: -45, -18, p < 0.0001), current smoking (β = −146, CI: -265, -26, p = 0.02), and consumption of meat and cold cut (β = −56, CI: -108, -5, p = 0.03).ConclusionIn this large population-based, cross-sectional study, we found several strong and independent correlates for 24UV. These findings may be important to improve our understanding in the development of chronic kidney disease.
Highlights
Low 24-hour urine volume (24UV) may be a significant risk factor for decline in kidney function
In bivariate analysis, 24UV was higher in women compared to men (2000 ml/24 h [interquartile range (IQR): 1354, 2562] versus 1780 ml/24 h [IQR: 1244, 2360], p = 0.002)
Since high 24UV has been shown to be associated with conserved kidney function during ageing [3] and reduced risk of Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the general population [8], this study may provide some insights into the possible determinants of reduced kidney function
Summary
Low 24-hour urine volume (24UV) may be a significant risk factor for decline in kidney function. We aimed to study associated markers and possible determinants of 24UV in a sample of the Swiss population. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health burden worldwide, both as a disabling disease and as a risk factor for adverse outcomes [1]. Major determinants of CKD include age, hypertension and type 2 diabetes [2]. Several studies found that low 24-hour urine volume (24UV) may be a significant risk factor for a decline in kidney function [3]. Recent studies raised the possibility that low 24UV increases the susceptibility to hypertension and urolithiasis [4,5,6].
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