Factors affecting the biodegradation of toluene in soil

Abstract

The biodegradation of toluene in soil microcosms was examined in order to identify the physical, chemical, and biological factors which determine the fate and lifetime of organic chemicals in soils. Toluene degradation rates were proportional to the initial substrate concentration and these rates reached a maximum at a concentration of 200 μg/g. No degradation occurred above this concentration presumably due to the toxicity of the hydrocarbon to the soil microorganisms. Small differences were observed in the degradation rates in soils at different moisture content. However, the availability of water in soil appeared to limit toluene degradation only at a very low water content. The lifetime of toluene in soil was also related to the initial level and activity of the soil microorganisms. Toluene was metabolized rapidly in those soils which initially contained high levels of degrading microorganisms. Furthermore, exposure of the soil to toluene resulted in an increase in the number of degrading organisms. The lack of inorganic nutrients such as nitrogen prevented complete degradation of toluene in a clay soil which contained high levels of degrading microorganisms. The biodegradation of organic chemicals in soil is not an intrinsic property of the molecule and cannot be predicted without first delineating the environment in which it is found. The biodegradation of a compound is defined by the biological, physical, and chemical characteristics of the soil environment. The lifetime of a chemical in soil results from a combination of all three of these parameters.