Abstract
This study attempts to explore the impacts of some demographic, economic and cultural factor's effects on overseas employment of female workers as well as on overseas employment of total workers from Bangladesh. The Gravity model of trade is applied here with the panel data of 12 countries and 22 years. The random effect analysis is applied since some variables which are time-invariant and important for the study. The main gravity variables – Gross Domestic Product (GDP), population and distance- are found to be well fitted with literatures with expected signs and level of significance. The magnitude of impacts differs for female overseas workers than total overseas workers. The study reveals that while the effect of religion is insignificant in case of total overseas employment its impact on female overseas employment is highly significant. The negative effects of language variables for both types of employments reflect the fact that most of the workers specially women workers migrated to abroad as home maid and didn't get the training on official language of Bangladesh, English. Furthermore, the opportunity of earnings at destination countries proxied by remittances flows from those countries to Bangladesh has highly positive impact and the magnitude is higher for female overseas workers. The study suggests policies and required support services should be provided to mitigate the migration cost. Also, countries with higher GDP, similar religion and higher income, networking and employment opportunities should be chosen as potential new labour market for the female workers of Bangladesh. Keywords: Female worker's overseas Employment, Gravity Model, Panel Data, Random Effect Analysis, BangladeshJEL Classifications: E24, C130DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.11626
Highlights
One of the most prominent issues in Bangladesh is to achieve sustainable development goal of eradicating poverty by 2030
The relevant dependent and explanatory variables are represented in column (1)
The positive effects of relative GDPjit are significant at 5% level of significance for the first model which is highly significant for the second model
Summary
One of the most prominent issues in Bangladesh is to achieve sustainable development goal of eradicating poverty by 2030. International remittances sent by migrant workers have emerged as a key driver of poverty reduction in many developing countries including Bangladesh. Women workers save and remit more percentage of income than their male counterparts. They prefer investment of remittances in education and health of the family members which are the pre-conditions for human capital development and sustained economic growth. Women have always been present in migratory flows, traditionally as spouses, daughters, or dependents of male migrants and their migration as breadwinners that is as the main economic providers for their households are increasing day by day (IOM, 2014). Among the main net emigration countries levels of net emigration of Bangladesh, China and India have become more than double (United Nations, 2103).
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