Factors Affecting Farmers’ Adaptation Strategies to Environmental Degradation and Climate Change Effects: A Farm Level Study in Bangladesh

Mohammed Uddin,Wolfgang Bokelmann,Jason Entsminger

doi:10.3390/cli2040223

Abstract

Offering a case study of coastal Bangladesh, this study examines the adaptation of agriculturalists to degrading environmental conditions likely to be caused or exacerbated under global climate change. It examines four central components: (1) the rate of self-reported adoption of adaptive mechanisms (coping strategies) as a result of changes in climate; (2) ranking the potential coping strategies based on their perceived importance to agricultural enterprises; (3) identification the socio-economic factors associated with adoption of coping strategies, and (4) ranking potential constraints to adoption of coping strategies based on farmers’ reporting on the degree to which they face these constraints. As a preliminary matter, this paper also reports on the perceptions of farmers in the study about their experiences with climatic change. The research area is comprised of three villages in the coastal region (Sathkhira district), a geographic region which climate change literature has highlighted as prone to accelerated degradation. One-hundred (100) farmers participated in the project’s survey, from which the data was used to calculate weighted indexes for rankings and to perform logistic regression. The rankings, model results, and descriptive statistics, are reported here. Results showed that a majority of the farmers self-identified as having engaged in adaptive behavior. Out of 14 adaptation strategies, irrigation ranked first among farm adaptive measures, while crop insurance has ranked as least utilized. The logit model explained that out of eight factors surveyed, age, education, family size, farm size, family income, and involvement in cooperatives were significantly related to self-reported adaptation. Despite different support and technological interventions being available, lack of available water, shortage of cultivable land, and unpredictable weather ranked highest as the respondent group’s constraints to coping with environmental degradation and change effects. These results provide policy makers and development service providers with important insight, which can be used to better target interventions which build promote or facilitate the adoption of coping mechanisms with potential to build resiliency to changing climate and resulting environmental impacts.

Highlights

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [1] forecasts that developing countries, likeBangladesh, will continue to be affected by extreme weather variability such as temperature, severe water shortage, and flood-inducing rainfall events during the coming decades
This paper focuses on identifying socio-economic factors likely to be influential in adaptive behavior, along with the perception of farmers about challenges faced in adopting coping strategies
All of the respondents were asked a dichotomous (“yes/no” response) question about whether or not they had experienced changes to regional climate within the past 20 years. They were asked about their perceived experience in relation to a series of climatic events commonly associated within the literature reviewed for this study with global climate change effects in Bangladesh

Summary

Introduction

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [1] forecasts that developing countries, likeBangladesh, will continue to be affected by extreme weather variability such as temperature, severe water shortage, and flood-inducing rainfall events during the coming decades. Weather variability and sea-level rise are the most pressing predicted consequences of climate change with a 0.6 °C global temperature change, 2% to 3% precipitation increase of the tropical latitudes and 3% precipitation decrease in subtropical areas within the 20th century. Scenarios predict global temperature could increase between 1.4 °C and 5.8 °C by the end of the 21st century [2]. About 10 to 25 millimeters of sea-level rise was observed over the 20th century and models predict continued rise in a range of anywhere from 20 to 90 centimeters within the 21st century [3]. The inundation of land areas through sea-level rise and increased precipitation is not the only worrisome effect of global climate change; the literature reviewed and reported by the IPCC notes drought events as well. J.F. The impact of climate change on smallholder and subsistence agriculture.

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Results

Conclusion