Abstract
Lead-acid batteries are currently the most popular for direct current (DC) power in power plants. They are also the most widely used electric energy storage device but too much space is needed to increase energy storage. Lithium-ion batteries have a higher energy density, allowing them to store more energy than other types of batteries. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the factors affecting the capacity design of lithium-ion stationary batteries. Factors that need to be considered in calculating the capacity of stationary lithium-ion batteries are investigated and reviewed, and based on the results, a method of calculating capacity of stationary lithium-ion batteries for industrial use is proposed. In addition, the capacity and area required for replacing the lead-acid batteries for nuclear power plants with lithium-ion batteries are reviewed as part of this case study.
Highlights
As a result of competitive research and development efforts around the world, the development of high-capacity and high-performance energy storage systems (ESSs) is accelerating
F is uncorrected cell size; S is the section of the duty cycle being analyzed; N is the number of periods in the duty cycle; Pis the period being analyzed; Ap are the amperes required for period P; t is the time in minutes from the beginning of period P through the end of section S; kt is the ratio of rated ampere-hour capacity of the cell, to the amperes that can be supplied by the cell for t minutes at 25 ◦ C and to a given minimum cell voltage
Other factors affecting the determination of the capacity of the lithium-ion batteries and their characteristics were reviewed
Summary
As a result of competitive research and development efforts around the world, the development of high-capacity and high-performance energy storage systems (ESSs) is accelerating. Since the advent of lithium-ion batteries in 1991, they are widely applied to energy storage devices. IEC 62619-2017, ‘Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries, for use in industrial applications’ and IEC 62620-2014, ‘Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes’ are recently established international standards for stationary lithium-ion batteries. IEC 62619 and 62620 do not cover the capacity sizing method of lithium-ion stationary batteries. The author has proposed a formula for selecting the capacity of lithium-ion stationary batteries for establishing industrial design standards essential for the design and installation of stationary batteries in nuclear power plants [1]. A case study was performed for the comparison of lithium-ion batteries and lead-acid batteries.
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