Abstract
BackgroundThe reliability and validity of the Champion’s Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS) used in assessing the belief of women regarding breast cancer (BC) and breast cancer screening (BCS) have been examined on various populations. However, the use of this tool has not been adequately assessed for its validity in ethnic minorities. This study assessed the validity and reliability of CHBMS by analyzing the factor structure and internal reliability of the factors among Yemeni women in Malaysia.MethodsA survey was conducted among 103 female teachers from 10 schools. SPSS version 22.0 was utilized in analyzing the data. Descriptive statistics were computed for the socio-demographic characteristics. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were used in assessing the internal reliability. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to analyze the factor structure of the translated items. Parallel analysis was performed to determine the number of factors accurately.ResultsThe alpha coefficients of the factors had acceptable values ranging between 0.76 and 0.87. The factor analysis yielded six and five factors for breast self-examination (BSE) and mammography (MMG), with a total explained variance of 47.69% and 52.63%, respectively. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) index values of 0.64 and 0.72, and the Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity (P = 0.0001) for BSE and MMG, respectively, verified the normality distribution and the adequacy of the sample size for EFA. All the items on each factor were from the same construct that were consistent with the number of factors obtained in the scale development study. The items achieved adequate factor loadings that ranged between 0.47 and 0.88.ConclusionsThe translated version of the CHBMS is a validated scale used in assessing the beliefs related to BC and BCS among Yemeni women living in Malaysia. Healthcare workers could use the scales to assess women’s beliefs on BC and BCS. This instrument could be used to test the effectiveness of the intervention programs.
Highlights
The reliability and validity of the Champion’s Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS) used in assessing the belief of women regarding breast cancer (BC) and breast cancer screening (BCS) have been examined on various populations
The significant contrast in BC mortality could be attributed to the lower frequency of breast cancer screening (BCS) in the developing countries [4], which would increase the rate of survival and increase the possibility for early detection and successful treatment of BC [5]
This study aims to evaluate the Champion’s Health Belief Model Scale’ (CHBMS) validity and reliability by analyzing the factor structure and internal reliability of the factors that may affect the practice of BCS among Yemeni women in Malaysia
Summary
The reliability and validity of the Champion’s Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS) used in assessing the belief of women regarding breast cancer (BC) and breast cancer screening (BCS) have been examined on various populations. Yemen, as a developing country, is a case in point, with a low rate of BCS practice among its women, ranging between 11 and 17.4% [6, 7], resulting in a higher probability for a later stage of identification of most BC cases [8]. Influenced by their status as foreign immigrants, Yemeni women in Malaysia are significantly impacted by the challenges and barriers in accessing BCS-related information and services available for Malaysian women, resulting in the low level of BCS uptake among this ethnic group [9, 10]
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