Abstract
Prophylactic regimens have been proposed by experts for numerous procedures involving respiratory, gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract and infected tissues. Our goal was to collect, in recent literature, data about bacteremia-producing procedures such as endotracheal intubation, flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy, gastrointestinal endoscopy, transoesophageal endoscopy, oesophageal dilatation, sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices, labour, caesarean delivery, hysteroscopic surgery or lithotripsy. Available data are scarse and, often, contradictory. Moreover, even if a relationship between procedure and bacteremia is found, there is, at the best of our knowledge, no study formally demonstrating the link between bacteremia and the ultimate occurrence of infective endocarditis. Apart from dental or cardiac procedures, risk factors for infective endocarditis are not well defined. Consequently, the need for prophylaxis in most of respiratory, gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract procedures is not definitively proven.
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