Abstract

After an initial test and introductory phase characterized by openness and optimism, many new diagnostic and therapeutic methods ultimately result in varying degrees of disappointment. The improvement and quality control of the clinical studies that are needed for the tests by the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care and the Federal Joint Committee and for the transition of innovations into reimbursable services in light of limited financial resources have not be able to slow, let alone stop, this trend. The fact that even studies designed and conducted according to strict criteria can yield positive results even though there is actually no positive effect or there are even disadvantages is often because the occurrence of systematic errors, referred to as a bias, is given insufficient consideration.

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