Abstract
This paper introduces the concept of apparent motion, and by examining the characteristics of apparent motion and of velocity vectors, puts forward a new speed reduction method in tunnels. Finally, we verify this effect through a simulation experiment. The experiment first used 3DMAX to make simulation videos with apparent motion grating installed on the tunnel wall, and then took the “stable same, direction movement” proportion of perception responses as the index to determine the optimal form of apparent motion. Using the observations of six males and two females, the experiments show that, with a space layout of two bright, two dark or four bright, four dark, a stimulus separation (SS) of 2 or 4 m, and stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of 60, 120, 180 or 240 ms, participants tended to perceive apparent motion as “stable same, direction movement”. Based on the above, 16 combinations of grating were adopted as optimal forms. By using the Forced-Choice Method, the experiments showed that the best parameters of apparent motion grating for speed reduction are: two bright, two dark, SS as 4 m and SOA as 60 ms. Under these conditions, the average perceived speed of eight observers reaches the maximum; meanwhile, the standard deviation is lower than that of the four dark, four bright case.
Highlights
If an accident does happen in a tunnel, the severity of injuries sustained is significantly higher than on open stretches of motorways
Estimations suggest that over 90% of all traffic accidents are related to human error, which indicates that it is important to adjust road design according to the limitations of human information processing [2]
When setting up the apparent motion grating in the tunnel wall, if its moving direction is opposite to the vehicle forward direction, according to the velocity vector characteristics, the relative speed between driver and grating should increase
Summary
If an accident does happen in a tunnel, the severity of injuries sustained is significantly higher than on open stretches of motorways. According to traffic accident statistics, more than 60% of accidents in tunnels are due to the driver speeding [1]. The main measures for driving speed reduction in tunnels are vibration deceleration zones, speeding snapshots and the speed limit sign, but these methods all have their defects. The speed limit sign does not have a strong slow-down effect because drivers often ignore the signs. A method for forced control should be based on comprehensive coordination of people–car–road–environment factors. It must stem from the most significant aspect of speed control—the determinants of a driver’s perception of speed. Apparent motion [3] and velocity vector characteristics, from the driver’s perspective, are studied using a speed control method in a tunnel based on apparent motion of grating
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