Facilitated encapsulation of a nonionic contrast agent for X-ray computed tomography into lipid vesicles by the multiple emulsification-solvent evaporation method

Abstract

We studied the encapsulation of iohexol (Ihex), a nonionic contrast agent used for X-ray computational tomography, into lipid vesicles using the multiple emulsification-solvent evaporation method to formulate a nanosized contrast agent. This lipid vesicle preparation method consists of three steps: (1) primary emulsification for producing water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions containing fine water droplets that will be converted to the internal water phase of the lipid vesicles, (2) secondary emulsification for formulating multiple water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions encapsulating the fine water droplets containing Ihex, and (3) solvent evaporation to remove the oil phase solvent (n-hexane) and to form lipid bilayers surrounding the fine inner droplets, resulting in the formation of lipid vesicles encapsulating Ihex. As the diameter and Ihex concentration of the primary W/O emulsion droplets decreased, a higher Ihex encapsulation yield was obtained for the final lipid vesicles. The entrapment yield of Ihex in the final lipid vesicles varied significantly with the emulsifier (Pluronic® F-68) concentration in the external water phase of W/O/W emulsion, and the highest yield (65%) was obtained when the emulsifier concentration was 0.1 wt%. We also investigated the powderization of lipid vesicles encapsulating Ihex via lyophilization. The powderized vesicles were dispersed in water after rehydration and maintained their controlled diameters. The entrapment yield of Ihex in powderized lipid vesicles was maintained for over 1 month at 25 ˚C, while significant leakage of Ihex was observed in the lipid vesicles suspended in the aqueous phase.