Facile Synthesis of Lactobionic Acid-Targeted Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Ultrahigh Relaxivity for Targeted MR Imaging of an Orthotopic Model of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Abstract

Development of multifunctional nanoprobes for tumor diagnosis is extremely important in the field of molecular imaging. In this study, the facile synthesis of lactobionic acid (LA)-targeted superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) with ultrahigh relaxivity for targeted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of an orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is reported. Polyethyleneimine (PEI)-stabilized Fe3O4 NPs prepared via a mild reduction route are sequentially coupled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and polyethylene glycol-LA (LA-PEG-COOH) segment, followed by acetylation of the remaining PEI surface amines. The formed LA-targeted Fe3O4 NPs are thoroughly characterized. It is shown that the developed multifunctional LA-targeted Fe3O4 NPs are colloidally stable and water-dispersible, display an ultrahigh r 2 relaxivity (579.89 × 10−3 m −1 s−1) and excellent hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility in the given concentration range, and can target HepG2 cells overexpressing asialoglycoprotein receptors as confirmed by in vitro cellular uptake assay, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy. Most strikingly, the developed multifunctional LA-targeted Fe3O4 NPs can be used as a nanoprobe for targeted MR imaging of HepG2 cells in vitro and an orthotopic tumor model of HCC in vivo. With the ultrahigh r 2 relaxivity and the versatile PEI amine-mediated conjugation chemistry, a range of different Fe3O4 NP-based nanoprobes may be developed for theranostics of different types of cancer.