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Abstract
In this work, copper-mediated reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) of homo-polyacrylamides was conducted in aqueous solutions at 0.0 °C. Various degrees of polymerization (DP = 20, 40, 60, and 80) of well-defined water-soluble homopolymers were targeted. In the absence of any significant undesirable side reactions, the dispersity of polydiethylacrylamide (PDEA) and polydimethylacrylamide (PDMA) was narrow under controlled polymerization conditions. To accelerate the polymerization rate, disproportionation of copper bromide in the presence of a suitable ligand was performed prior to polymerization. Full conversion of the monomer was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. Additionally, the linear evolution of the polymeric chains was established by narrow molecular weight distributions (MWDs). The values of theoretical and experimental number average molecular weights (Mn) were calculated, revealing a good matching and robustness of the system. The effect of decreasing the reaction temperature on the rate of polymerization was also investigated. At temperatures lower than 0.0 °C, the controlled polymerization and the rate of the process were not affected.
Highlights
Hydrophilic monomers, such as acrylamides, as well as their homopolymers and copolymers, have been utilized in oil recovery, wastewater treatment, and environmental systems [1,2]
The fast reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) in water often leads to undesirable side reactions
The monomers were filtered by injection over a column filled with alumina to eliminate inhibitors
Summary
Hydrophilic monomers, such as acrylamides, as well as their homopolymers and copolymers, have been utilized in oil recovery, wastewater treatment, and environmental systems [1,2]. The conventional acrylamide polymerization techniques have been widely investigated; only few methods utilizing controlled polymerization have been reported. Despite significant advances in controlled polymerization technologies, the reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) of water-soluble acrylamides remains a challenge [3]. Controlled polymerization in the presence of aqueous media or below ambient temperature is difficult. The fast RDRP in water often leads to undesirable side reactions. To suppress such reactions, controlled polymerization approaches have been employed previously [4,5,6,7,8,9]
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