Abstract
Abstract: Manganese oxides with an alpha crystal structure are synthesized via combined solid-state reaction and wet chemical processing, which is a simple and inexpensive synthetic route easy for mass production. The effects of the synthetic reaction duration and the temperature of acid treatments on crystal structure, morphology, and electrochemical capacitive properties of α-MnO2 are discussed. It is evidenced that the samples treated in acid for a longer time at 25 °C display the uniform nanorods that are aggregated to form micro-buildings with fine features on the surface of rods. This microstructure possesses large surface areas and more active sites that are easy to access electrochemically, leading to a better electrochemical capacitive performance. We expected that these results would provide the practical information for shape- and morphology-controlled synthesis for nanostructured functional materials in supercapacitor applications.
Highlights
Many scientific results have shown that the surface structure of materials, such as the fine features of the surface, shape, and morphology, can affect physical, chemical, and electrochemical properties to some extent [1,2,3]
In the wet chemical process, besides a temperature that can promote the formation of crystal structures, certain mediators presented in the synthesis solution, such as the trace amounts of metal ions, gases, and ions such as O2, CO, H+, and OH−, can affect the crystal structure, shape, and morphology of the formed materials by influencing the surface energy of growing unites as well as the growth rate [3,32]
Staghorn coral-shaped α-MnO2 assembled by nanorods was synthesized using a combined process of the solid-state reaction and acid treatment in the solution phase
Summary
Many scientific results have shown that the surface structure of materials, such as the fine features of the surface, shape, and morphology, can affect physical, chemical, and electrochemical properties to some extent [1,2,3]. In the wet chemical process, besides a temperature that can promote the formation of crystal structures, certain mediators presented in the synthesis solution, such as the trace amounts of metal ions, gases, and ions such as O2 , CO, H+ , and OH− , can affect the crystal structure, shape, and morphology of the formed materials by influencing the surface energy of growing unites as well as the growth rate [3,32]. Each individual nano-sized building block is decorated with numerous spike features on the surface, making the micro-building similar in shape to a Staghorn coral creature This type of microstructure results in a large accessible surface area in electrochemical environments. The gradual development of different shapes and morphologies is related to the reaction duration and temperature
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