Abstract
Abstract Two-dimensional black phosphorus (BP) has been demonstrated to be promising in photoelectronic devices, electrode materials, and biomedicine owing to its outstanding properties. However, the application of BP has been hindered by harsh preparation conditions, high costs, and easy degradation in ambient condition. Herein, we report a facile and cost-effective strategy for synthesis of orthorhombic phase BP and a kind of BP-reduced graphene oxide (BP/rGO) hybrids in which BP remains stable for more than 4 weeks ascribed to the formation of phosphorus-carbon covalent bonds between BP and rGO as well as the protection effect of the unique wrinkle morphology of rGO nanosheets. Surface modification BP/rGO hybrids (PEGylated BP/rGO) exhibit excellent photothermal performance with photothermal conversion efficiency as high as 57.79% at 808 nm. The BP/rGO hybrids exhibit enhanced antitumor effects both in vitro and in vivo, showing promising perspectives in biomedicine.
Highlights
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have aroused enormous research interest around the world since 2004 due to their remarkable properties [1, 2]
Graphene [1], Au nanoparticles [3], hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) [4], transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) [5, 6], and metal-organic frameworks [7,8,9,10] have been extensively studied in photoelectronic devices [11, 12], flexible electronic devices [13, 14], batteries [15], and promising biomedical applications [16,17,18,19,20]
black phosphorus (BP) possess outstanding advantages in comparison with other 2D materials because of its intriguing physicochemical features, i.e. thickness tunable bandgap (0.3–2.0 eV) [26] which bridges the space between zero-gap graphene [37] and large-gap TMDs (1–2 eV) [20], high carrier mobility [38], and unique properties of biocompatibility and degradability with nontoxic degradation products [42, 43], holds great potential in bio-related areas, such as photothermal therapy (PTT) [44, 45], photodynamic therapy [46], photoacoustic imaging [47], and drug release [48] for cancer theranostics
Summary
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have aroused enormous research interest around the world since 2004 due to their remarkable properties [1, 2]. Forming chemical bonds by pre-occuping the lone pair electrons in the sturcture of BP by other elements may be a valid strategy to address the issue of the instability of BP. In this regard, strategies such as P-O-P bonds [60], Te-doped [62], surface coordination via titanium sulfonate ligand [63], etc. We studied the ambient stability and photothermal activities of the as-prepared BP/rGO hybrids, and we demonstrated the BP/rGO hybrids as novel photothermal agents (PTAs) for effective cancer therapy both in vitro and in vivo, highlighting their promising perspectives as nextgeneration biomedicine
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