Abstract
Microbes develop several strategies to survive in the adverse condition such as biofilm formation, attaining non-dividing state, altering drug target or drug, thereby increases the burden of drug dosage. To combat these issues, nanoparticles have shown an alternative approach for new treatment strategy but synthesis via chemical synthetic route limits their application in biomedical field. Here, green method for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles using sophorolipid (SL) is discussed that is characterized by various techniques. Initially, the antimicrobial activity was checked against metabolically active state of microbes; Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Vibrio cholerae using XTT assay and growth kinetics assay. Results suggested higher efficacy of nanoparticles for Gram-negative, therefore further analyzed against Escherichia coli that confirmed its potency for the same. AuNPs-SL also signifies its efficiency at least metabolically active state; non dividing cells and biofilm of these microbes. Induced morphological changes were studied by SEM that revealed AuNPs-SL led to disruption of cell membrane and leakage of intracellular fluid to the surroundings. Inhibition of respiratory enzymes activity also plays a crucial role in bactericidal action as indicated by LDH assay. Synergy of AuNPs-SL with different antibiotics was also analyzed using checkerboard assay. These results suggested the possible use of AuNPs-SL as an antimicrobial therapy in the field of nanomedicine.
Highlights
Www.nature.com/scientificreports and are presently being used for several purposes such as; diagnosis of diseases, cancer sensing and therapy[7], in vivo and in vitro cell labelling[8], antimicrobial agents in implants[9], cosmetics[10], food[11] and fabric industries[12]
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies revealed the presence of some spherical and clumped nanoparticles that indicates either incomplete separation of individual nanoparticles or nucleation state of nanoparticles synthesis that was reflected in its size distribution graph done through dynamic light scattering (DLS) method using Malvern Zetasizer (Supplementary Fig. S1)
This study demonstrates the synergistic effect of antibiotics and nanoparticles in improving their bactericidal property; it was suggested that nanoparticles can be effectively used in combination with antibiotics in order to improve their efficacy against various pathogenic microbes
Summary
Www.nature.com/scientificreports and are presently being used for several purposes such as; diagnosis of diseases, cancer sensing and therapy[7], in vivo and in vitro cell labelling[8], antimicrobial agents in implants[9], cosmetics[10], food[11] and fabric industries[12]. 400 μg/ml concentration of SL and 80 °C were found to be best for sophorolipid capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs-SL) synthesis. The AuNPs-SL was examined against Gram positive S. aureus and Gram negative V. cholerae by agar well diffusion method for their antibacterial activity.
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