Facile combinations of thiosulfate and zerovalent iron synergically immobilize cadmium in soils through mild extraction and facilitated immobilization

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic substances released in the environment. Cd-contaminated soils usually have a large pool of bioavailable Cd species and lead to excessive Cd accumulation in planted cereal crops. Treatment methods for stable immobilization of Cd in soils are desirable. Here we reported that facile combinations of thiosulfate (STS) and zerovalent iron (ZVI) reinforced Cd immobilization in soils and reduced Cd accumulation in wheat. STS mildly activated Cd in soils through the formation of soluble Cd(S2O3)x complexes, whereas intermediates of STS (e.g., sulfate and sulfides) and ZVI synergically facilitated immobilization of Cd in soils. The synergy was ascribed to the facilitated formation of FeOOH with high Cd-binding affinity and formation of stable sulfate-Cd-FeOOH complexes and poorly available CdSx. STS-ZVI treatments increased residual Cd in soils by 101–123% and decreased Cd accumulation in wheat shoots by 13–68%, depending on chemical compositions and doses of binary reagents. Field applications of STS and ZVI (0.06–0.11 kg/m2) demonstrated 24–39% reductions of grain Cd.