Facile and Eco-Friendly Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles Using Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Leaf Extract to Study Antibiofilm and Anticancer Properties against Candida albicans

Beema Shafreen Rajamohamed,Sekar Palanivel,Senthilkumar Subramanian,Seema Siddharthan,Saleh H Salmen,Mohanavel Vinayagam,Vijayanand Selvaraj,Sivakumar Subpiramaniyam,Velmurugan Palanivel,Sami Al Obaid,Esmaeel Sharifi

doi:10.1155/2022/2509089

Abstract

The synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been gaining more attention in recent years due to their small size and high stability. For this study, silver nanoparticles were biosynthesized from leaf extract of the medicinal plant (N. arbor-tristis). Vitally, the shrub with tremendous medicinal usage was diversely observed in South Asia and South East Asia. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by color visualization, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. A sharp peak at 427 nm for biosynthesized nanoparticles was obtained using UV-Vis, which represents surface plasmon resonance. Thus, characterization techniques showed the green synthesis of AgNPs leads to the fabrication of spherical shape particles with a size of 67 nm. Furthermore, AgNPs were subjected to antibiofilm studies against Candida albicans and it was observed that 0.5 μg mL−1 of AgNPs significantly reduced 50% of biofilm formation. These biosynthesized nanoparticles also showed a considerable reduction in viability of HeLa cells at 0.5 μg mL−1. The morphological changes induced by AgNPs were observed by AO/EB staining. The toxic effect of AgNPs was studied using brine shrimp as a model system. Therefore, it is envisaged that further investigation with these AgNPs can replace toxic chemicals, assist in the development of biomedical implants that can prevent biofilm formation, and avoid infections due to C. albicans.

Highlights

Candida albicans is part of the common microflora in humans, and any slight alteration in the environment or immune suppression leads to the transition from commensal into pathogen [1]
C. albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that can establish infection in almost all the organs of the human body. e pathogenesis of C. albicans is due to the production of several virulence factors; among them, biofilm formation plays an important role during infection [2]
From the ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, a strong spectroscopic resonance peak was observed at 427 nm, which is the signature peak of AgNPs (Figure 1(b)) that represents the fabrication of AgNPs. e functional groups of biosynthesized AgNPs were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (Figure 1(c))

Summary

Introduction

Candida albicans is part of the common microflora in humans, and any slight alteration in the environment or immune suppression leads to the transition from commensal into pathogen [1]. C. albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that can establish infection in almost all the organs of the human body. C. albicans is reported to be the one among the species of Candida that can result in indwelling material mediated bloodstream infections [4]. C. albicans biofilm has shown resistance to antifungal drugs such as echinocandins that are currently used for the treatment of invasive infection [5]. The development of new antifungal drugs is an escalating problem due to the antifungal resistance, toxicity, and paucity in the selection of the targets. Together, all these factors are responsible for clinical failure and lead to mortality in patients with invasive disease. All these factors are responsible for clinical failure and lead to mortality in patients with invasive disease. erefore, there is a need to identify new antibiofilm agents against C. albicans mediated infection [6]

Results

Discussion

Conclusion