Facial fractures related to the orbit.

Abstract

AbstractThe diagnosis and management of facial fractures, which are related to the orbit are discussed with special reference to their complications.Uncomplicated fractures of the frontal sinus without displacement require no specific therapy. Open reduction is required for depressed fractures of the anterior frontal sinus wall. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea associated with a frontal sinus fracture can be diagnosed by X‐ray findings and/or the fluorescein test. The direct approach of the osteoplastic frontal sinus operation has been successfully employed for the repair of these dural defects.The diagnosis and various methods for reduction of the zygomatic fracture are discussed. The technique of open reduction and interossius wire fixation has been the technique most frequently employed.Fractures of the ethmoid sinuses are treated expectantly unless complicated by persistent orbital emphysema, hemorrhage, or cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. The spinal fluid rhinorrhea from the roof of the ethmoid or cribform plate is repaired, using the septal mucosal flap technique.The diagnosis of maxillary sinus fractures (blow‐out fractures) is discussed with special reference to a comparison between the infraorbital and Caldwell‐Luc approaches.