Facial and Cochlear Nerves Outcomes in the Surgical Resection of Giant Vestibular Schwannoma: Is There Any Predictive Value for Intraoperative Neuromonitoring of the Facial Nerve?

Abstract

Background: Giant vestibular schwannoma (VS) represents one of the most challenging interventions in skull base surgery. Preserving facial and cochlear nerves requires effective surgical planning and nuanced techniques. Objectives: The present study evaluates the role of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) in predicting the outcome of facial and cochlear nerves. Methods: This retrospective cohort comprised 34 patients with a giant (Samii IV/IVb grade) VS during 2016 - 2019. The retrosigmoid approach was used for tumor resection. Pre- and postoperative facial exams were graded according to the House-Brackmann Scale. Hearing ability was also classified according to the Hannover Hearing Classification. Intraoperative findings included the location of the nerve complex, tumor consistency, the surgical plane of the tumor from the facial nerve/ brainstem, and the level of internal auditory canal (IAC) decompression. Intraoperative neuromonitoring was used for all surgeries. The amplitude required for a positive response was recorded during the facial nerve's direct electrical stimulation (DES). All patients were followed 6 and 12 months postoperative. Results: The preoperative facial nerve function was normal in 91.2% of patients, and 8.8% had slight facial nerve impairment (FNI). Considering preoperative hearing status, 9 cases (26.5%) had moderate hearing loss or impairment, while 25 patients (73.5%) complained of severe hearing impairment. The mean intraoperative direct facial nerve stimulation threshold was 1.38 ± 0.89. Hearing impairment was moderately severe in 7 (20.6%) and severe in 25 patients (73.5%) postoperation. In addition, postoperative assessment revealed 13 (38.2%) cases with moderate FNI and 12 (35.2%) with moderately severe FNI. The tumor size did not affect the postoperative hearing loss, and the postoperative hearing loss did not improve significantly (P = 0.32). There was no statistically significant correlation between the intensity of intraoperative DES and postoperative facial nerve function (P > 0.05). No significant correlation was observed between tumor consistency and postoperative hearing status (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The retrosigmoid approach combined with IONM appears to be associated with favorable facial and cochlear nerve outcomes in giant VS. The postoperative facial nerve function may improve, but sensorineural hearing status may not improve significantly. Moreover, the intensity of intraoperative DES may not predict the postoperative facial function. Therefore, the findings of IONM should be interpreted carefully.