Abstract
The evaluation of physiological and psychological states using thermal infrared images is based on the skin temperature of specific regions of interest, such as the nose, mouth, and cheeks. To extract the skin temperature of the region of interest, face alignment in thermal infrared images is necessary. To date, the Active Appearance Model (AAM) has been used for face alignment in thermal infrared images. However, computation using this method is costly, and it has a low real-time performance. Conversely, face alignment of visible images using Cascaded Shape Regression (CSR) has been reported to have high real-time performance. However, no studies have been reported on face alignment in thermal infrared images using CSR. Therefore, the objective of this study was to verify the speed and robustness of face alignment in thermal infrared images using CSR. The results suggest that face alignment using CSR is more robust and computationally faster than AAM.
Highlights
A method for remotely evaluating physiological and psychological states based on facial skin temperature measured by infrared thermography has attracted considerable interest
Many previous studies have been conducted on the estimation of physiological and psychological states based on facial skin temperature distribution [8,9]
The results suggest that face alignment using Cascaded Shape Regression (CSR) is more robust and computationally faster than Appearance Model (AAM) proposed in the previous study, which is reported in this paper
Summary
A method for remotely evaluating physiological and psychological states based on facial skin temperature measured by infrared thermography has attracted considerable interest. Studies have been conducted that estimate vital data such as respiratory rate [10] and heart rate [11], sleepiness [12,13,14], emotions [15,16,17], mental stress [18,19], and anomaly detection in facial skin temperature distribution [20]. These previous studies used the temperature distribution of the entire face or the temperature of specific Regions of Interest (ROI), such as the nose, mouth, and cheeks for evaluation.
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