Abstract
Dental implant surgeries involve the insertion of implant fixtures into alveolar bones to replace missing teeth. When the availability of alveolar bone at the surgical site is insufficient, bone graft particles are filled in the insertion site for successful bone reconstruction. Bone graft particles induce bone regeneration over several months at the insertion site. Subsequently, implant fixtures can be inserted at the recipient site. Thus, conventional dental implant surgery is performed in several steps, which in turn increases the treatment period and cost involved. Therefore, to reduce surgical time and minimize treatment costs, a novel hybrid scaffold filled with bone graft particles that could be combined with implant fixtures is proposed. This scaffold is composed of a three-dimensionally (3D) printed polycaprolactone (PCL) frame and osteoconductive ceramic materials such as hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). Herein, we analyzed the porosity, internal microstructure, and hydrophilicity of the hybrid scaffold. Additionally, Saos-2 cells were used to assess cell viability and proliferation. Two types of control scaffolds were used (a 3D printed PCL frame and a hybrid scaffold without HA/β-TCP particles) for comparison, and the fabricated hybrid scaffold was verified to retain osteoconductive ceramic particles without losses. Moreover, the fabricated hybrid scaffold had high porosity and excellent microstructural interconnectivity. The in vitro Saos-2 cell experiments revealed superior cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase assay results for the hybrid scaffold than the control scaffold. Hence, the proposed hybrid scaffold is a promising candidate for minimizing cost and duration of dental implant surgery.
Highlights
IntroductionNatural bone graft materials (e.g., autografts, allografts, and xenografts) have been widely used to recover the volumes and shapes of defective bones in edentulous patients with severe alveolar bone defects via regeneration of bones
Natural bone graft materials have been widely used to recover the volumes and shapes of defective bones in edentulous patients with severe alveolar bone defects via regeneration of bones
We evaluated the feasibility of our proposed hybrid scaffold by morphological analysis, porosity distribution analysis, wettability test, CCK-8 assessment, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assessment and compared the results with several control groups
Summary
Natural bone graft materials (e.g., autografts, allografts, and xenografts) have been widely used to recover the volumes and shapes of defective bones in edentulous patients with severe alveolar bone defects via regeneration of bones. To result overcome brittleness of these block-type of their mechanical characteristics, which could in a the sudden decrease in theceramic mechanical stiffness bone decomposition grafts, bone graft with biocompatible/biodegradable polymers and during in scaffolds the bodymixed. Manypolymers researchers bone grafts, bone graft scaffolds mixed synthetic biocompatible/biodegradable and have developed polymer/ceramic composites and demonstrated their osteoconductive effects osteoconductive ceramic particles (HA and β-TCP) have been fabricated [28,29,30,31]. We propose and fabricate a novel three-dimensionally (3D) printed hybrid scaffold that can be combined with a metal implant fixture and bone graft particles. The 3D printed hybrid scaffold can be used to reduce surgical operation time and to maintain the osteoconductive abilities of the bone graft particles. The grid-type scaffold and hybrid scaffold without HA/β-TCP were named as control groups I and II, respectively
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