Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study is to fabricate sodium alginate (SA)/gum ghatti (GG) microbeads intercalated with Kaolin (KA) nano clay for the sustained release of curcumin (CUR).
 Methods: The microbeads were prepared by a simple ionotropic gelation technique. The developed beads were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (X-RD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Swelling studies and in vitro release studies were investigated under both pH 7.4 and pH 1.2 at 37 °C.
 Results: The developed microbeads were characterized by FTIR, which confirms the interaction between CUR, polymeric matrix and KA. DSC and XRD analysis reveals that the CUR has molecularly dispersed in the polymer matrix. In vitro results illustrated that microbeads were influenced by the pH of test media, which might be suitable for intestinal drug delivery. The drug release mechanism was analyzed by fitting the release data into different kinetic equations and n values are obtained in the range of 0.609-0.640, suggesting that the developed microbeads showed the non-Fickian diffusion type drug release.
 Conclusion: These results clearly illustrated that the developed KA intercalated polymeric microbeads are potential drug carriers for the controlled release of CUR.
Highlights
In today’s pharmaceutical formulations, polymers play a vital role in the progression of drug delivery technology by offering different types of pharmaceutical dosage formulations such as oral, parenteral, semisolid, controlled and sustained drug delivery systems because it can control the drug release and it may increase the safety, efficacy, and bioavailability of the drugs with increased patient compliance [1,2,3]
The fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of CUR shows a characteristic broad peak at 3496 cm-1, which corresponds to phenolic O–H stretching vibrations, a peak at 2923 cm-1 is assigned to aromatic C–H stretching vibrations, a peak at 1596 cm-1 corresponds to the stretching vibration of benzene ring skeleton, a peak at 1513 cm-1 corresponds to mixed (C=O) and (C=C) vibration, a peak at 1272 cm-1 is assigned to Ar-O stretching vibrations [20]
The FTIR spectra of KA shows characteristic peaks at 3688 and 3625 cm-1 corresponds to O–H stretching frequency of Si–OH and Al–OH respectively, a peak at 3456 cm-1 assigned to H–O–H stretching frequency of interlayer water, peak at 2360 cm-1 was attributed to C–H stretching frequency, peak at 1596 cm-1 corresponds to O–H adsorbed water, the absorption peaks at 1126 and 902 cm-1 corresponds to Si–O– Si stretching peak [33]
Summary
In today’s pharmaceutical formulations, polymers play a vital role in the progression of drug delivery technology by offering different types of pharmaceutical dosage formulations such as oral, parenteral, semisolid, controlled and sustained drug delivery systems because it can control the drug release and it may increase the safety, efficacy, and bioavailability of the drugs with increased patient compliance [1,2,3]. Kaolin is a hydrated two-dimensional (2D) aluminosilicate clay mineral which has been extensively used in biomedical related applications such as an activating agent for blood clotting [13], as an ingredient for operation hemostasis [14] and used in drug delivery systems for prolonged-release, especially of basic drugs because it can act as an active excipient in pharmaceutical dosage forms to increase the efficiency and bioavailability of drug molecules [15] Their medicinal utilities have been discovered by many traditional civilizations (Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Indians, Chinese), Greeks, Romans and medieval Arab Muslims till the recent times [16]
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