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Abstract
Poly(p-phenylene) (PPP) was chemically synthesized via oxidative polymerization using benzene and doped with FeCl3. The electrical conductivity response of the doped PPP (dPPP) towards CO, H2 and NH3 is investigated. dPPP shows no electrical conductivity response towards the first two gases (CO and H2), but it shows a definite negative response towards NH3. The electrical conductivity sensitivity of dPPP increases linearly with increasing NH3 concentration. To improve the sensitivity of the sensor towards NH3, ZSM-5 zeolite is added into the conductive polymer matrix. The electrical sensitivity of the sensor increases with increasing zeolite content up to 30%. The effect of the type of cation in the zeolite pores is investigated: namely, Na+, K+, NH4+ and H+. The electrical conductivity sensitivity of the composites with different cations in the zeolite can be arranged in this order: K+ < no zeolite < Na+ < NH4+ < H+. The variation in electrical sensitivity with cation type can be described in terms of the acid-base interaction, the zeolite pore size and surface area. The PPP/Zeolite composite with H+ possesses the highest electrical sensitivity of −0.36 since H+ has the highest acidity, the highest pore volume and surface area, which combine to induce a more favorable NH3 adsorption and interaction with the conductive polymer.
Highlights
Conductive polymers (CPs) are well-known as potential materials in several sensing applications such as pH sensors [1], ion selective sensors [2], humidity sensors [3], biosensors [4], and gas sensors [5]
Conductive polymers such as polypyrrole [14], polyaniline [15,16], polyanilinecarboxylated PVC composite [17], and polyaniline/epoxy resin (SU-8) composite [18] have been investigated as NH3 sensors
We propose the fabrication of poly(p-phenylene)/zeolite composites for use as an ammonia gas sensor
Summary
Conductive polymers (CPs) are well-known as potential materials in several sensing applications such as pH sensors [1], ion selective sensors [2], humidity sensors [3], biosensors [4], and gas sensors [5]. With respect to sensing applications, the interaction between the gases, the target gases, and CPs can be divided into two types: either the conductivity increases or decreases depending on both the undoped/doped state of the CPs and the electrophilic/nucleophilic behavior of the target gases [6,11,12,13]. Conductive polymers such as polypyrrole [14], polyaniline [15,16], polyanilinecarboxylated PVC composite [17], and polyaniline/epoxy resin (SU-8) composite [18] have been investigated as NH3 sensors. The effects of ammonia concentration, zeolite content, and cation types, including H+, Na+, K+ and NH4+ on the electrical conductivity response towards ammonia are systematically investigated
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