Abstract
Herein, a novel copper-doped gadolinium oxide (Cu-doped Gd2O3; CGO) nanofiber was synthesized by a simple solution method in the basic phase and successfully characterized. We have used Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) techniques for characterization of the CGO nanofiber. The CGO nanofiber was used later to modify Au-coated μ-Chips with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) polymer mixtures (coating binder) to selectively detect 4-cyanophenol (4-CP) in an aqueous medium. Notable sensing performance was achieved with excellent sensitivity (2.4214 µAµM−1 cm−2), fast response time (~12 s), wide linear dynamic range (LDR = 1.0 nM–1.0 mM: R2 = 0.9992), ultra-low detection limit (LoD; 1.3 ± 0.1 pM at S/N = 3), limit of quantification (LoQ; 4.33 pM), and excellent reproducibility and repeatability for CGO/Au/μ-Chip sensor. This CGO modified Au/μ-chip was further applied with appropriate quantification and determination results in real environmental sample analyses.
Highlights
Phenol derivatives are usually toxic for human beings and aquatic animals, even at trace levels [1,2,3]
Polystyreneethanol, sulfonate), dopamine, Catechol, ascorbic(poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) acid, uric acid, 4-nitrophenol, hydroquinone, hydopamine, Catechol, ascorbic acid, uric acid, 4-nitrophenol, hydroquinone, ethanol, hydrazine, 4-cyanophenol, etc., used in the current study were from Sigma-Aldrich, Burlingdrazine, etc., were usedused in the current study were from Sigma-Aldrich, TX, ton, MA, 4-cyanophenol, USA and all of them as received
Characterization of the copper-doped gadolinium oxide (CGO) Nanofibers coated μ-Chip was dried in ambient conditions for 1 h to obtain a thin film on the goldTheμ-Chip
Summary
Phenol derivatives are usually toxic for human beings and aquatic animals, even at trace levels [1,2,3]. 4-cyanophenol (4-CP), a widely used phenol derivative, is considered as an environmental toxin posing a health hazard [7,8]. 4-CP is commonly used as an antifungal [11], insecticidal [12] agents and its adverse effect has been studied by researchers [8,13,14]. The cyanide formation might cause headache, dizziness, and unconsciousness, and occasionally even death [13]. Upon contact, it causes eye, nose, skin, and respiratory system irritation. 4-CP is harmful to fish [18]. The electrochemical techniques are advantageous in terms of sensitivity, low-cost, responsetime, and pretreatment of samples not required so suitable for on-field detection [22,23,24,25,26]
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