Abstract
Composite nanofiltration (NF) membrane was developed polyacrylic acid (PAA) in situ UV graft polymerization process using ultrafiltration polysulfone (PSf) membrane as porous support. Through the observation using SEM, the PSf UF membranes fabricated by phase inversion method, demonstrated numerous finger-like pores. AFM microscopy showed the roughness of surface was reduced by increase of UV irradiation times. The feasibility of membrane processes for treating simulated mixture by varying the feed pressures (1–4 bars), feed pH and UV irradiation times studied to assess the separation performance of NF membranes. The rejections of sodium chloride and sodium sulfate were moderate and declined with the increase of concentration. Color removal by NF with a high rejection of 99.90% was achieved. It was found that the efficiency of NF membranes used in the treatment of colored water effluents was greatly affected by the presence of salts and dyes in the mixture and the retention of dyes decreased with the salt concentration due to a decrease of the Donnan effect.
Highlights
As pressures on freshwater resources grow around the world and as new sources of supply become increasingly scarce, expensive, or politically controversial, efforts are underway to identify new ways of meeting water needs
Despite the fledging and unsteady performance of the system at the start of the experiment, the system approached a steady state with a performance of 85.68% biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal, 57.09% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, 70.74% total suspended solids (TSS) removal and 99.99% fecal coliform removal
The final effluent at a steady state had a BOD of 13.7 mg/L which is close to values obtainable with some standardized water treatment technologies
Summary
As pressures on freshwater resources grow around the world and as new sources of supply become increasingly scarce, expensive, or politically controversial, efforts are underway to identify new ways of meeting water needs. Of special note are efforts to reduce water demand by increasing the efficiency of water use and to expand the usefulness of alternative sources of water previously considered unusable Among these potential sources of supply are greywater reuse, desalination and rainwater harvesting. In many places throughout Nigeria, lower income communities live without access to household water connection In these communities, women and children often have to walk long distances or wait in line in order to access water which needs to be carried home. Women and children often have to walk long distances or wait in line in order to access water which needs to be carried home In these households, the water that is brought to the home is highly valuable because of the amount of labor invested and the cost relative to household income. There has been some perception that greywater reuse is not compatible with Islamic religious beliefs, in 1978 the Council of Leading Islamic Scholars (CLIS) in Saudi Arabia found that treated wastewater can be reused as long as it does not present a health risk [2]
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