Abstract
Hierarchically porous reduced graphene oxide/SnIn4S8 (RGO/SnIn4S8) composites with visible-light response and strong mineralization ability were first successfully prepared by a facile low-temperature co-precipitation method, and were characterized by X ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), UV-Visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), Raman spectra and Photoluminescence (PL) techniques. RGO/SnIn4S8 composite exhibits strong absorption in UV and visible-light range. The optimized 5% RGO/SnIn4S8 possesses the optimal photocatalytic degradation efficiency and the best mineralization performance with complete degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) within 70 min and 73.17% mineralization yield within 160 min under visible-light irradiation, which is much higher than that of pure SnIn4S8. The main reactive species, which play crucial roles in the degradation and mineralization of RhB, follow the order of h+ > ·O2− > ·OH. The intermediate products of RhB degradation were analyzed by using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), and the possible degradation pathways and mechanism were proposed. Moreover, 5% RGO/SnIn4S8 exhibits excellent reusability and stability without an obvious decrease in photocatalytic activity after four consecutive photocatalytic degradation-regeneration experiments.
Highlights
Water pollution has attracted public attention due to the environmental and health risks [1,2,3,4,5].Dye contamination has become a major factor that contributes to water quality deterioration, and poses a potential hazard to living organisms due to the toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic properties of dyes and their by-products [6,7,8,9,10]
The results indicated thatbut proper able retard the the photogenerated electron–hole pairs more effectively, excessRGO
The R2 values are close to 1, and the calculated qe from the pseudo-second-order model is very close to the experimental value, suggesting that Rhodamine B (RhB) adsorption on reduced graphene oxide (RGO), pure SnIn4 S8 and RGO/SnIn4 S8 composites followed the pseudo-second-order model with an important chemisorption process
Summary
Water pollution has attracted public attention due to the environmental and health risks [1,2,3,4,5]. Several methods have been adopted to remove dyes from wastewater, including adsorption, coagulation, biological treatment, electrochemical treatment and heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation technology [11,12,13,14,15]. TiO2 is regarded as one of the most promising semiconductor photocatalysts for degrading organic compounds because of its high photocatalytic activity, low cost, non-toxicity, chemical stability, and biocompatibility [16,17,18,19]. Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) has large specific surface area, superior electrical conductivity, high carrier mobility, and excellent mechanical properties, and is usually used as a good support to enhance the photocatalytic activities of some photocatalysts [27,28,29,30,31]. The possible photocatalytic mechanism of RGO/SnIn4 S8 was provided
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