Abstract
The utilization of used crosslinked functional polymers (CFP) applied as sorbents or ion-exchangers is a great challenge arising from the need to protect the environment. In this paper we report a very promising way of obtaining carbon/magnetic composites based on metal (Co2+; Ni2+; Fe3+) derivatives of butadiene rubber-based phosphorus-containing polymer, which were treated as the model used CFP. We proposed a facile one-step thermal degradation approach to transform used CFP into carbon/magnetic composites (CMC). The obtained CMCs contained a mixture of metal phosphates and metal phosphides that exhibited strong magnetic properties due to the presence of nanosized metal derivatives with diameters of 100–140 nm. Structural and morphological changes of CFP and CMC after thermal degradation were investigated by the FTIR technique, X-ray Diffraction analysis, Scanning Electron Microscope, and Atomic Force Microscope–Magnetic Force Microscope. Moreover, thermal degradation kinetics parameters were determined to optimize the efficiency of the process.
Highlights
IntroductionCrosslinked functional polymers (CFP) as sorbents and ion-exchange resins have been widely used in the production of demineralized and deionized water [1], boiler feed water in high pressure steam generators [2], in the treatment of waste water originating from the plating industry or nuclear power stations [3,4,5], and as solid acid catalysts applied for metal separation from aqueous solutions [6].Materials 2018, 11, 2595; doi:10.3390/ma11122595 www.mdpi.com/journal/materialsThe reuse of used crosslinked functional polymers (CFP) with adsorbed metal ions requires regeneration of the polymeric material by the desorption process of metal ions using various acid [7,8], base or salt solutions [9]
The metal derivatives of butadiene rubber-based Phosphorus-containing polymer (PhCP) were chosen as the model systems of used
We propose the usage of an efficient one-step thermal degradation process to transform used crosslinked functional polymers (CFP) into carbon/magnetic composites (CMC), which is schematically shown in Scheme 1
Summary
Crosslinked functional polymers (CFP) as sorbents and ion-exchange resins have been widely used in the production of demineralized and deionized water [1], boiler feed water in high pressure steam generators [2], in the treatment of waste water originating from the plating industry or nuclear power stations [3,4,5], and as solid acid catalysts applied for metal separation from aqueous solutions [6].Materials 2018, 11, 2595; doi:10.3390/ma11122595 www.mdpi.com/journal/materialsThe reuse of used CFP with adsorbed metal ions requires regeneration of the polymeric material by the desorption process of metal ions using various acid [7,8], base or salt solutions [9]. Several approaches were proposed and investigated for utilization of used CFP such as: Burning with copper oxide catalyst [13], pyrolysis for reducing the waste volume and obtaining more stable final form of waste [14, 15], application as a replacement of fuel in sintering processes [16], or usage as additives to coal for coke production [17]. Most of these methods lead to degradation of CFP while it would be more beneficial if some functional materials could be obtained instead. CM with incorporated heteroatoms that ensure the magnetic properties keep the simplicity of their preparation using the thermal degradation methods and enable, e.g., their easy removal of the system just by applying a magnetic field
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