Abstract
Polyelectrolyte membranes (PEMs) are a novel type of material that is in high demand in health, energy and environmental sectors. If environmentally benign materials are created with biodegradable ones, PEMs can evolve into practical technology. In this work, we have fabricated environmentally safe and economic PEMs based on sulfonate grafted sodium alginate (SA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). In the first step, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulphonic acid (AMPS) and sodium 4-vinylbenzene sulfonate (SVBS) are grafted on to SA by utilizing the simple free radical polymerization technique. Graft copolymers (SA-g-AMPS and SA-g-SVBS) were characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR, XRD and DSC. In the second step, sulfonated SA was successfully blended with PVA to fabricate PEMs for the in vitro controlled release of 5-fluorouracil (anti-cancer drug) at pH 1.2 and 7.4 and to remove copper (II) ions from aqueous media. Moreover, phosphomolybdic acids (PMAs) incorporated with composite PEMs were developed to evaluate fuel cell characteristics, i.e., ion exchange capacity, oxidative stability, proton conductivity and methanol permeability. Fabricated PEMs are characterized by the FTIR, ATR-FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDAX. PMA was incorporated. PEMs demonstrated maximum encapsulation efficiency of 5FU, i.e., 78 ± 2.3%, and released the drug maximum in pH 7.4 buffer. The maximum Cu(II) removal was observed at 188.91 and 181.22 mg.g–1. PMA incorporated with PEMs exhibited significant proton conductivity (59.23 and 45.66 mS/cm) and low methanol permeability (2.19 and 2.04 × 10−6 cm2/s).
Highlights
Polyelectrolyte membranes (PEMs) gained considerable attention for their health, environment and energy applications due to their promising characteristics such as multi functionality, easy fabrication, low cost, biocompatibility, biodegradability and tunable physico-chemical properties [1,2,3,4,5]
The results indicate that %Se decreased with the incorporation of phosphomolybdic acids (PMAs)
The oxidative stability of PEMs was evaluated in Fenton’s reagent at 30 ◦ C, and the results indicate that PMA incorporated
Summary
Polyelectrolyte membranes (PEMs) gained considerable attention for their health, environment and energy applications due to their promising characteristics such as multi functionality, easy fabrication, low cost, biocompatibility, biodegradability and tunable physico-chemical properties [1,2,3,4,5]. Polymer blends and their composites attracted much attention as PEMs owing to their potential properties as a carrier, separator and transporter in the fields of drug delivery [2,3], pervaporation/toxic metal ion removal and fuel cell [4,5], respectively. Polysaccharide-based materials such as graft copolymers, blends and composites are widely used as PEMs for various potential applications such as drug delivery, extraction of precious metals, separation of liquid mixtures and fuel cells; this is due to their excellent properties such as strong electrolyte groups, biocompatibility, biodegradability and controllable swelling character [3,4,5,10,11,18]. To accelerate the fuel cell characteristics of membrane, PEMs are doped with the phosphomolybdic acid, a hetero poly acid
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