Abstract
Crystalline carbon nanowire arrays were fabricated taking advantage of near-field electrospinning and stress decyanation. A novel fabrication method for carbon nanowires with radii ranging from ~2.15 µm down to ~25 nm was developed based on implementing nitrogen pretreatment on the silica surface and then aligning polymer nanofibers during near-field electrospinning at an ultralow voltage. Stress decyanation was implemented by subsequently pyrolyzing a polymer nanofiber array on the silica surface at 1000 °C for 1 h in an N2 atmosphere, thus obtaining a crystalline carbon nanowire array with a nanostructured surface. Various crystalline nanostructures were fabricated on the nanowire surface, and their electrochemical performance was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Crystalline carbon wires with diameters ranging from micrometers to submicrometers displayed carbon nanoelectrode-like behavior with their CV curve having a sigmoidal shape. A highly crystalline carbon nanowire array showed distinct behavior, having a monotonically increasing straight line as its CV curve and a semicircular EIS spectrum; these results demonstrated its ultrastable current, as determined by electron transfer. Furthermore, nanocrystalline-structured carbon wires with diameters of ~305 nm displayed at least a fourfold higher peak current density during CV (4000 mA/m2) than highly crystalline carbon nanowires with diameters of ~100 nm and porous microwires with diameters of ~4.3 µm.
Highlights
The attractive merit of carbon wires derives from carbon microstructures integrating high-performance with abundant functionalities[1,2]
This has led to extensive research into the pyrolysis of near-field electrospun fibers (PNFEFs), which enables advanced applications in electrochemical sensing, energy storage, and stem cells
When using a PAN ink heated to either 60 °C or 126 °C, jet initiation at 500 V is not achieved by the same touching procedure, which demonstrates the key role of conductivity for initiating the jet during near-field electrospinning (NFES)
Summary
The attractive merit of carbon wires derives from carbon microstructures integrating high-performance with abundant functionalities[1,2]. Carbon nanowires with glassy carbon structures have been used in many different applications, such as in high-power supercapacitors[3], electrochemical biosensors[4] and high-energy rechargeable batteries[5]. Most of the techniques that have been proposed for fabricating graphitized nanoscale carbon wires include mechanical stress pyrolysis[14] and chemical vapor deposition[15]. The doping approaches involved in these techniques cause additional substances to be added into the carbon wires, which affects the electrochemical behavior of the carbon wire. This has led to extensive research into the pyrolysis of near-field electrospun fibers (PNFEFs), which enables advanced applications in electrochemical sensing, energy storage, and stem cells
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