Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to fabricate a TiO2 nanotubular surface, which could maintain hydrophilicity over time (resist aging). In order to achieve non-aging hydrophilic surfaces, anodization and annealing conditions were optimized. This is the first study to show that anodization and annealing condition affect the stability of surface hydrophilicity. Our results indicate that maintenance of hydrophilicity of the obtained TiO2 nanotubes was affected by anodization voltage and annealing temperature. Annealing sharply decreased the water contact angle (WCA) of the as-synthesized TiO2 nanotubular surface, which was correlated to improved hydrophilicity. TiO2 nanotubular surfaces are transformed to hydrophilic surfaces after annealing, regardless of annealing and anodization conditions; however, WCA measurements during aging demonstrate that surface hydrophilicity of non-anodized and 20 V anodized samples decreased after only 11 days of aging, while the 60 V anodized samples maintained their hydrophilicity over the same time period. The nanotubes obtained by 60 V anodization followed by 600 °C annealing maintained their hydrophilicity significantly longer than nanotubes which were obtained by 60 V anodization followed by 300 °C annealing.
Highlights
Different categories of biomaterials have been employed to repair bone loss injuries
In order to investigate the effect of anodization voltage on water contact angle (WCA), two groups of samples were anodized at 20 and 60 V at room temperature for 4 h and a third group was left non-anodized for control
Considering the key role of surface hydrophilicity, we have studied optimization of anodization and annealing conditions
Summary
Different categories of biomaterials have been employed to repair bone loss injuries. The biocompatibility of titanium is a result of the presence of surface native oxide layer (TiO2; titania; passive film) of 2–5 nm thickness which is naturally formed as titanium is exposed to air. This native oxide layer protects the bulk material from corrosion [11] and makes it bioinert [12]. Despite their bioinertness, titanium implants are sometimes encapsulated by fibrous tissue in vivo and show lack of osseointegration which can lead to infection and implant failure [13]. In order to develop bioactivity and osseointegration, various surface modifications have been performed including hydroxyapatite (HA) and calcium phosphate coatings [15]; these coatings could be delaminated at their interface with Ti because of difference in mechanical moduli [16]
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