Fabrication of an electrochemical sensor based on magnetic nanocomposite Fe3O4/β-alanine/Pd modified glassy carbon electrode for determination of nanomolar level of clozapine in biological model and pharmaceutical samples

Abstract

For the first time, we report the synthesis and utilization of a new magnetic nanocomposite, consisting of Fe3O4, β-Alanine (Ala) and Pd (Fe3O4/Ala/Pd), as a highly sensitive sensor for determination of clozapine (CLZ) at biological pH (7.2) using glassy carbon electrode. The nanocomposite structure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The construction of modified electrode was performed through the dropping of Fe3O4/β-Ala/Pd immobilized on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode. The influence of the effective parameters on the electrochemical behavior of CLZ was investigated. Under optimized conditions, the designed sensor was used for determination of nanomolar levels of CLZ. The relationship between peak current and the concentration of CLZ was linear in the range of 3–70nM with a detection limit of 1.53nM through differential pulse voltammetry. The relative standard deviation (RSD%) for seven parallel determination of 120nM CLZ at optimum conditions was found to be 3.2%. The modified electrode exhibited a good sensitivity, stability and reproducibility. The relative standard deviation (RSD%) of 3.6% was obtained to evaluate of electrode-to-electrode reproducibility. Furthermore, the proposed sensor was successfully applied for the determination of CLZ in real samples.