Abstract
This work reports an ultrasensitive impedimetric immunosensor for ketamine detection using self-assembled monolayers of 3-mercaptopropionic acid on gold electrodes. Monoclonal ketamine antibodies were covalently tethered via EDC/NHS crosslinking chemistry. Each fabrication step was validated by electrochemical and microscopic characterization. The optimized immunoelectrode demonstrated a broad dynamic range from 1 to 1000 ng/mL ketamine and record low detection limit of 0.5 ng/mL attributed to excellent antibody affinity. Analytical recovery of spiked serum and urine samples ranged 92–103% proving reliability despite biosample complexity. The simple, rapid and portable sensor surpasses existing chromatography and electrochemical techniques in terms of detection sensitivity as well as cost, instrumentation and training needs. The capabilities are attributed to rational antibody immobilization strategies enabling efficient binding events. The attractive detection limits coupled with label-free operation and microscale construct provide optimism regarding translation to viable clinical and on-site testing devices for toxicology, anti-doping and therapeutic applications.
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