Fabrication of Ag3PO4/N-doped TiO2 nanotubes heterojunction photocatalysts for visible-light-driven photocatalysis

Abstract

As an environmentally friendly and energy-efficient technology, photocatalysis holds considerable potential for eliminating organic pollutants. In this study, novel visible-light-driven Ag3PO4-decorated nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanotubes (Ag3PO4/N-TNTs) photocatalysts with advanced properties of heterostructures were successfully synthesized and used to degrade methylene blue (MB) dye. The fabrication of Ag3PO4/N-TNTs photocatalysts involved a two-step electrochemical anodization to obtain TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) and the wet impregnation of the amorphous tubular structure in NH3 solution, followed by calcination in air to obtain crystallized nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanotubes (N-TNTs). Finally, the decoration of the N-TNTs with Ag3PO4 nanoparticles was conducted to enhance visible-light reactivity. Various heterojunction photocatalysts were obtained by changing the concentration of NH3 (0.5–2.5 M) and the dosage of Ag3PO4 (0.25–1.5 wt%) in the composites. Results of ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorption, photocurrent transient, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement revealed that Ag3PO4/N-TNTs possessed a significant response in the visible-light range and good photoelectronic properties. The superior photocatalytic activity of the Ag3PO4/N-TNTs catalyst was achieved under the optimal conditions of N-doping using 2-M NH3 and Ag3PO4 deposition at a dosage of 0.75 wt%. Based on the degradation efficiency (DE) of MB, the optimal Ag3PO4/N-TNTs exhibited rate constants of 4.5 and 2 times higher than those of the pristine TNTs and N-TNTs, respectively. The high stability of Ag3PO4/N-TNTs was confirmed through four cycles of reutilization, with a small decay of only 5.3% in the DE of MB dye for each run of photocatalysis. The scavenger tests of generated reactive oxygen species revealed that ·OH and ·O2− were the primary contributors to photocatalytic performance. The synthesized Ag3PO4/N-TNTs heterostructure photocatalysts were proven to possess efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers, high reactivity, and stability in the visible-light region.