Fabrication of a fluorescence probe via molecularly imprinted polymers on carbazole-based covalent organic frameworks for optosensing of ethyl carbamate in fermented alcoholic beverages

Abstract

Ethyl carbamate (EC), which is a group 2A carcinogen, is a byproduct formed in the alcohol fermentation process that can accumulate with heating, transportation, and storage. In this study, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) on carbazole-based covalent organic frameworks (COFs) were prepared as a fluorescence probe for the optosensing of EC in fermented alcoholic beverages. The excellent optical properties of carbazole-based COFs coupled with the good adsorption and selectivity of MIPs provided fast and efficient recognition of EC. MIPs on carbazole-based COFs exhibited advantages of high efficiency, a good separation effect, fluorescence dependence, and reproducibility. A good linear relationship was obtained over the concentration range of 1–200 μg L−1, with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.607 μg L−1. The RSD precision and five-cycle reproducibility were lower than 4.91% and 6.38%, respectively, and the recoveries were 85.30%–109.49%. This optosensor was applied to quantify EC contents in several fermented alcoholic beverages, all of which were less than LOD. The results of the optosensors based on MIPs on carbazole-based COFs were then validated using standard gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which gave results consistent with the proposed method.