Abstract
Electrospun PLGA microfibers with adequate intrinsic physical features (fiber alignment and diameter) have been shown to boost teno-differentiation and may represent a promising solution for tendon tissue engineering. However, the hydrophobic properties of PLGA may be adjusted through specific treatments to improve cell biodisponibility. In this study, electrospun PLGA with highly aligned microfibers were cold atmospheric plasma (CAP)-treated by varying the treatment exposure time (30, 60, and 90 s) and the working distance (1.3 and 1.7 cm) and characterized by their physicochemical, mechanical and bioactive properties on ovine amniotic epithelial cells (oAECs). CAP improved the hydrophilic properties of the treated materials due to the incorporation of new oxygen polar functionalities on the microfibers’ surface especially when increasing treatment exposure time and lowering working distance. The mechanical properties, though, were affected by the treatment exposure time where the optimum performance was obtained after 60 s. Furthermore, CAP treatment did not alter oAECs’ biocompatibility and improved cell adhesion and infiltration onto the microfibers especially those treated from a distance of 1.3 cm. Moreover, teno-inductive potential of highly aligned PLGA electrospun microfibers was maintained. Indeed, cells cultured onto the untreated and CAP treated microfibers differentiated towards the tenogenic lineage expressing tenomodulin, a mature tendon marker, in their cytoplasm. In conclusion, CAP treatment on PLGA microfibers conducted at 1.3 cm working distance represent the optimum conditions to activate PLGA surface by improving their hydrophilicity and cell bio-responsiveness. Since for tendon tissue engineering purposes, both high cell adhesion and mechanical parameters are crucial, PLGA treated for 60 s at 1.3 cm was identified as the optimal construct.
Highlights
Tendon disorders, including tendinopathies, represent a severe pathology due to their high incidence rate, together with a prevalence estimated to increase yearly worldwide [1,2,3]
cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) treatment, varying the plasma process’ parameters, was maintained as by varying the plasma process’ parameters, was maintained the curves obtained from the analyses showed a sharp Gaussian curve confirming the aligned as the curves obtained from the analyses showed a sharp Gaussian curve confirming the aligned topography of the microfibers
CAP treatment improved cell adhesion and penetration within the CAP treated PLGA microfibers characterized by the increased hydrophilicity due to the increase of oxygen content while maintaining PLGA
Summary
Tendon disorders, including tendinopathies, represent a severe pathology due to their high incidence rate (about 30 million musculoskeletal lesions/ year), together with a prevalence estimated to increase yearly worldwide [1,2,3]. Alternative therapeutic strategies can be found in the field of tissue engineering in which biomimetic materials may be engineered with cells to provide a feasible microenvironment to treat tendon disorders [2,7]. Electrospinning, one of the most suitable and promising techniques available to produce scaffolds for tissue engineering applications [10,11,12,13,14], aims at obtaining fibrous matrices with biomimetic microto nanoscale diameters resembling the architecture of the native extracellular matrix (ECM) [14,15,16]
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