Abstract
In this paper, optimal conditions for fabrication of nanoporous platinum (Pt) were investigated in order to use it as a sensitive sensing electrode for silicon CMOS integrable non-enzymatic glucose micro-sensor applications. Applied charges, voltages, and temperatures were varied during the electroplating of Pt into the formed nonionic surfactant C16EO8 nano-scaled molds in order to fabricate nanoporous Pt electrodes with large surface roughness factor (RF), uniformity, and reproducibility. The fabricated nanoporous Pt electrodes were characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrochemical cyclic voltammograms. Optimal electroplating conditions were determined to be an applied charge of 35 mC/mm2, a voltage of -0.12 V, and a temperature of 25 °C, respectively. The optimized nanoporous Pt electrode had an electrochemical RF of 375 and excellent reproducibility. The optimized nanoporous Pt electrode was applied to fabricate non-enzymatic glucose micro-sensor with three electrode systems. The fabricated sensor had a size of 3 mm x 3 mm, air gap of 10 µm, working electrode (WE) area of 4.4 mm2, and sensitivity of 37.5 µA•L/mmol•cm2. In addition, it showed large detection range from 0.05 to 30 mmolL-1 and stable recovery responsive to the step changes in glucose concentration.
Highlights
As the number of diabetics has increased, many sensitive and selective amperometric glucose sensors to accurately or continuously measure blood glucose levels have been investigated [1,2,3].Generally, amperometric glucose sensors are categorized as enzymatic [4] and non-enzymatic ones [57]
The surface morphologies of the fabricated nanoporous Pt electrodes were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM)
Nanoporous Pt electrodes on silicon substrate have been fabricated and optimized for use as a sensitive sensing electrode for silicon CMOS integrable non-enzymatic glucose micro-sensor applications
Summary
As the number of diabetics has increased, many sensitive and selective amperometric glucose sensors to accurately or continuously measure blood glucose levels have been investigated [1,2,3].Generally, amperometric glucose sensors are categorized as enzymatic [4] and non-enzymatic ones [57]. For the direct electro-oxidation of glucose, conventional Pt, Au, and modified Au electrodes [5, 7, 12] were investigated These electrodes have some drawbacks such as low sensitivity and poor selectivity caused by surface poisoning due to adsorbed intermediates and chloride ion [6]. In recent years, another strategy has been pursued in attempts to overcome these problems including the use of porous electrode materials. Nanoporous Pt, nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes have been employed for non-enzymatic and amperometric sensor applications [13,14,15] To increase their sensitivities, the RF of the used electrodes should be maximized
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