Abstract
Novel powder fabrication technologies provide opportunities to develop high-performance, low-cost cathode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Among various energy storage technologies, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries have been considered as effective solution to the increasing need for high-energy density electrochemical power sources. Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries offer energy densities 2–3 times and power densities 5–6 times higher than conventional Ni-Cd and Ni-MH batteries, and as a result, they weigh less and take less space for a given energy delivery. However, the use of lithium-ion batteries in many large applications such as electric vehicles and storage devices for future power grids is hindered by the poor thermal stability, relatively high toxicity, and high cost of lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) powders, which are currently used as the cathode material in commercial lithium-ion batteries. Recently, lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) powders have become a favorable cathode material for lithium-ion batteries because of their low cost, high discharge potential (around 3.4 V versus Li/Li+), large specific capacity (170 mAh/g), good thermal stability, and high abundance with the environmentally benign and safe nature. As a result, there is a huge demand for the production of high-performance LiFePO4 powders. However, LiFePO4 also has its own limitation such as low conductivity (∼10−9 S/cm), which results in poor rate capability. This can be addressed by modifying the powder structure using novel fabrication technologies. This paper presents an overview of recent advances in the fabrication of high-performance LiFePO4 powders for lithium-ion batteries. The LiFePO4 powder fabrication methods covered include: solid-state synthesis, mechanochemical activation, carbothermal reduction, microwave heating, hydrothermal synthesis, sol-gel synthesis, spray pyrolysis, co-precipitation, microemulsion drying, and others. The impacts of these fabrication methods on the structure and performance of LiFePO4 powders are discussed. In addition, the improvement of the conductivity of LiFePO4 powders through novel powder technologies is addressed.
Highlights
Lithium is an alkali metal with silver-white appearance, soft handle, low density (0.534 g/cm3), large specific capacity (3860 Ah/kg), high electrochemical potential, high electro-negativity, and high energy †Accepted: July 27th, 2010Raleigh, NC, 27695-8301, USAFiber and Polymer Science Program, Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistr y and Science, Nor th Carolina State University density[1, 2])
This paper presents an overview of recent advances in the fabrication of high-performance LiFePO4 powders for lithium-ion batteries
In order to obtain these features, small particle size, narrow size distribution, uniform morphology, optimum crystallinity degree, high specific surface area, minimum defects and agglomeration, and homogeneous carbon coating or metal doping are required for the practical application of LiFePO 4 powders in lithium-ion batteries
Summary
Lithium is an alkali metal with silver-white appearance, soft handle, low density (0.534 g/cm3), large specific capacity (3860 Ah/kg), high electrochemical potential, high electro-negativity, and high energy. Lithium-ion batteries are being widely used for portable electronics from digital cameras to notebooks and music players to cell phones They are potential systems for large-scale applications, such as electric vehicles and storage devices for future power grids, if tSyntax Warning: Invalid Font Weight hey can be produced with lower cost, smaller sizes, lighter weights, and higher energy storage capacities. The LiFePO4 powder fabrication methods covered include: solid-state synthesis, mechanochemical activation, carbothermal reduction, microwave heating, hydrothermal synthesis, sol-gel synthesis, spray pyrolysis, co-precipitation, microemulsion dr ying, and others. The impacts of these fabrication methods on the structure and performance of LiFePO4 powders are discussed. Charging (A) and discharging (B) processes of a typical lithium-ion battery
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