Abstract
This paper presents the use of soft template method to synthesize core and core–shell up-converting nanoparticles usefull for temperature sensing applications. Based on the stock solutions of core β-NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+ nanoparticles and involving soft template method without any additional process of surface functionalization, it is possible to directly design the core–shell β-NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+@NaYF4 nanoparticles, which can be perfectly dispersed in cyclohexane and surfactants like oleic acid (OA), triethanolamine (TEA) or Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The morphological, crystalline and elemental characteristics of samples were investigated by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy, Selected Area Electron Diffraction patterns and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) measurements. The results showed that the synthesized NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+@NaYF4 core–shell nanoparticles have roughly spherical shape, pure hexagonal β phase with core size of about 35 ± 5 nm and shell thickness of about 40 ± 5 nm. It has been shown that the coating of the β-NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+ core with NaYF4 shell layer enables to enhance the green upconversion (UC) emission intensities in respect to red one. Under 976 nm excitation, the synthesized β-NaYF4:2%Er3+,19%Yb3+@NaYF4 core–shell nanoparticles revealed three strong emission bands at 520 nm, 545 nm and 650 nm corresponding to 2H11/2, 4S3/2 and 4F9/2 to 4I15/2 transitions of Er3+ ions with the lifetimes of 215, 193 and 474 µs, respectively. The calculated CIE chromaticity coordinates proved that the emission colour of core–shell nanoparticles was changed from red into yellowish green upon increasing the power density of the 976 nm laser from 0.73 to 9.95 W/cm2. The calculated slopes indicated that in the β-NaYF4:2%Er3+,19%Yb3+@NaYF4 core–shell nanoparticles, two-photon and three-photon UC processes took place simultaneously. Although the former one is similar as in the case of β-NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+ bare core nanoparticles, the latter one, three-photon UC process for green emission occurs, due to cross relaxation processes of two Er3+ ions only within nanoparticles with core–shell architecture. Moreover, the energy difference between the 2H11/2 and 4S3/2 levels and associated constant of NaYF4@NaYF4 host lattice were determined and they reached ~ 813 cm−1 and 14.27 (r2 = 0.998), respectively. In order to investigate the suitability of nanoparticles for optical temperature sensing, the emission spectra were measured in a wide temperature range from 158 to 298 K. An exceptionally high value of relative sensitivity was obtained at 158 K and it amounted to 4.25% K−1. Further temperature increase resulted in gradual decrease of relative sensitivity, however, it maintained a high value > 1% K−1 in the entire analyzed temperature range.
Highlights
This paper presents the use of soft template method to synthesize core and core–shell up-converting nanoparticles usefull for temperature sensing applications
It can be seen that the lifetime of red emission recorded at 650 nm in the case of synthesized core–shell β-NaYF4:2%Er3+,19%Yb3+@NaYF4 CSNP was slightly shorter than in uncoated β-NaYF4:2%Er3+,19%Yb3+ CNP, clear increase in lifetime recorded at green emission was noted
The β-NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+@NaYF4 CSNP were successfully synthesized by soft template method
Summary
This paper presents the use of soft template method to synthesize core and core–shell up-converting nanoparticles usefull for temperature sensing applications. Under the same experimental conditions, i.e. under 980 nm excitation and in a wide temperature range from 328 to 550 K, the β-NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+ nanoparticles revealed significantly higher sensitivities of 0.42% K −1 and 0.466% K−1 at 328 K and 550 K 26, respectively than α-phase c ounterpart[27] This confirms the importance of conscious synthesis process for the intentional obtaining of highly temperature sensitive nanomaterials and explains the reason for using beta phase nanomaterials in our research. In order to enhance the green emission intensities used for temperature sensing applications, in this study a β-NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+ nanoparticles coated with N aYF4 shell layer are presented These core–shell nanoparticles were synthesized through the slightly modified soft template method reported previously[28]. The maximal value of relative sensitivity reached 4.25% K −1 (at 158 K), confirming great suitability of these NaYF4:Er3+, Yb3+@NaYF4 core–shell nanoparticles for optical thermometry
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