Fabrication and Characterization of Planar Plasmonic Substrates with High Fluorescence Enhancement

Abstract

The use of plasmonic nanostructures for fluorescence signal amplification is currently a very active research field. The detection of submonolayers of proteins labeled with organic dyes is a widely used technique in surface-based immunoassays and DNA hybridization. There is a strong interest in the development of new optical and chemical methods to increase the signal from ultralow concentrations of dyes on the surface of sensor substrates. Herein, we have explored the possibility of using vacuum-deposited silver nanostructures on dielectric layers and silver mirrors as potential plasmonic substrates that effectively amplify fluorescence over a broad spectral range. By optimizing deposition parameters for dielectric layers and silver nanostructures and applying thermal annealing processes, we observed large fluorescence amplifications from three different dye-strept(avidin) conjugates: about 7-fold for a UV/blue dye AF350-Av, 49-fold for a blue-green dye AF488-SA, and up to 208-fold for red-emitting AF647-SA dye. The observed amplification factors for the ensemble of fluorophores are very promising for development of surface-based bioassays. These substrates can be prepared using simple vacuum deposition in which we circumvent using the expensive nanofabrication methods. In addition, unlike most nanofabrication methods, the present approach is appropriate for large scale fabrication of substrates with microscope slide surface area suitable for sensing applications.