Abstract
In this work, functionally graded material (FGM) of Titanium/nano-hydroxyapatite were fabricated using powder metallurgy method as dental implant and their biocompatibility, static strength and fatigue characteristics in different volume fraction exponents were investigated using experimental and numerical methods. For producing hydroxyapatite powder, for the first time, drilling method was used instead of ball milling. First, cow bones were drilled using a 2 mm drill and the resulting powder was converted to nanostructured hydroxyapatite through specific heat treatment. Then FGM of titanium/nano-hydroxyapatite at different volume fractions and features such as bioactivity, hardness, microstructures, and fatigue strength of the FGM implants were investigated using empirical and numerical methods. The effect of changes in volume fraction exponents on each of these parameters was also investigated. According to the results, biocompatibility of titanium/hydroxyapatite FGM dental implants was confirmed after submerging in simulated body fluid (SBF) using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and ion concentration measurement (ICP) methods and were obtain that with increase in the soaking time in SFB, the rate of formation of bone-like apatite on the surface of the sample had an increasing trend and the concentration of calcium and phosphorous ions in the solution decreases which shows the formation of apatite. The samples were also in the safe zone after fatigue loading using finite element analysis. The result of numerical analysis of fatigue life for the fabricated dental implants showed that after 5 years, just %45 of the critical layer life which is pure HA remained; it means the fabricated dental implant can be work at least for 9 years without fatigue fracture. The effect of volume fraction exponents of FGM samples on a change gradient of mechanical properties and biocompatibility was investigated and according to the results, volume fraction exponent of N = 2/3 showed the best performance.
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