Fabrication and Characterization of Nanoenergetic Hollow Spherical Hexanitrostibene (HNS) Derivatives.

Xiong Cao,Xiaoxia Li,Shuangqi Hu,Lijun Ren,Peng Deng,Peng Deng,Yu Liu,Peng Xiao

doi:10.3390/nano8050336

Abstract

The spherization of nanoenergetic materials is the best way to improve the sensitivity and increase loading densities and detonation properties for weapons and ammunition, but the preparation of spherical nanoenergetic materials with high regularization, uniform size and monodispersity is still a challenge. In this paper, nanoenergetic hollow spherical hexanitrostibene (HNS) derivatives were fabricated via a one-pot copolymerization strategy, which is based on the reaction of HNS and piperazine in acetonitrile solution. Characterization results indicated the as-prepared reaction nanoenergetic products were HNS-derived oligomers, where a free radical copolymerization reaction process was inferred. The hollow sphere structure of the HNS derivatives was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and synchrotron radiation X-ray imaging technology. The properties of the nanoenergetic hollow spherical derivatives, including thermal decomposition and sensitivity are discussed in detail. Sensitivity studies showed that the nanoenergetic derivatives exhibited lower impact, friction and spark sensitivity than raw HNS. Thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimeter (TG-DSC) results showed that continuous exothermic decomposition occurred in the whole temperature range, which indicated that nanoenergetic derivatives have a unique role in thermal applications. Therefore, nanoenergetic hollow spherical HNS derivatives could provide a new way to modify the properties of certain energetic compounds and fabricate spherical nanomaterials to improve the charge configuration.

Highlights

With the rise in international conflicts, modern weapons require more from energetic materials [1,2], such as higher energy, insensitivity, effective destructibility, and so on
Many strategies have been employed in the field of energetic materials [3,4,5,6,7,8], mainly including the synthesis of new explosives, and modification of existing energetic materials
Huang [28] demonstrated the use of electrospray deposition nanotechnology to prepare 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) sub-microspheres with diameters ranging from 200–500 nm composed of 50 nm nanoparticles, which have a lower onset degradation temperature compared to raw materials

Summary

Introduction

With the rise in international conflicts, modern weapons require more from energetic materials [1,2], such as higher energy, insensitivity, effective destructibility, and so on. Huang [28] demonstrated the use of electrospray deposition nanotechnology to prepare 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) sub-microspheres with diameters ranging from 200–500 nm composed of 50 nm nanoparticles, which have a lower onset degradation temperature compared to raw materials It can be found from these studies that as-reported nanoparticles possess a certain degree of sphericity, they are closer to ellipsoid shapes with a wide size distribution and they can be badly agglomerated [29,30,31] because of incomplete control technology and the inherent nature of small organic molecule materials. This work introduces a new concept into the field of spherization nanotechnology for the design and fabrication of other spherical nanomaterials

Materials

Sample Preparation

Characterization

Results and Discussion

Conclusions