Abstract
Currently, security issues for semiconductor chips are counterfeiting and night shift problems. These factors might lead to insecure supply chains in the automotive industry. This can be avoided by using coating Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs). The coating can be applied to every semiconductor chip in order to create a unique fingerprint. In this work, a 2-bit key per capacitor for Physical Unclonable Functions is presented for the first time. For this reason, 49 chips on a wafer with 195 metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitors were fabricated. A large and random fluctuation of the capacitances was achieved by using a self-developed layer, which consisted of aluminum particles and spin-on glass. Due to the random variation in size and change in distribution of the particles, the fluctuation of capacitance varied from chip to chip and from wafer to wafer. The achieved large range in capacitance was used to create a 390-bit string out of 195 capacitors. Although the length of the bit string was doubled, the area of the structure remained constant. This led to a more secure PUF with a low error rate of 0.21% and an inter-chip Hamming distance (HD <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">inter</sub> ) of 49%.
Highlights
THE Internet of Things (IoT) and the automotive sector are two end-user markets with rising growth rates for the semiconductor industry
In [15], we presented an electrical measurement setup to reliably measure the fluctuation in Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitors that has been introduced through processing
In this paper a 2-bit key per capacitor for PUFs was presented for the first time
Summary
THE Internet of Things (IoT) and the automotive sector are two end-user markets with rising growth rates for the semiconductor industry. Not all semiconductor chips possess an included memory This disadvantage leads to the development of Physical Unclonable Functions (PUF). In this case, the unavoidable minimal random physical fluctuations that occur through processing the semiconductor chip are used to generate the cryptographic key. The automotive industry requires secure supply chains This may be achieved by using certified and identifiable chips [11, 12]. The variation in capacitance achieved in this way is rather small and, susceptible to external influences, such as heating up the measurement setup This leads to changes in the bit string and, to unreliable fingerprints. For coating PUFs, longer bit strings lead to more capacitors, which must be fabricated on the wafer. The 1-bit key was compared to the 2-bit key in terms of PUF reliability and quality
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