Abstract
A rapid, simple, selective and highly sensitive simultaneous determination of Cu(II) and Pb(II) via newly fashioned 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,27-dihydrazinamidecarbonylmethoxy-26,28-dihydroxycalix[4]arene-grafted multi-walled carbon nanotubes-modified carbon paste electrode (CNT-Calix/CPE) by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) has been introduced. It was observed that CNT-Calix/CPE exhibits higher selectivity and stability for Cu(II) and Pb(II). Different operational parameters such as pH, deposition potential/time, pulse amplitude (5, -1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl, 300 s, 2 s, 0.05 V) were also optimized for calculation and statistical evaluation of linear range, detection limit and limit of quantification. Interference study shows that the electrode is highly selective for the simultaneous determination of Cu(II) and Pb(II). Standard addition method was used to apply CNT-Calix/CPE in waste water, plant leaves and soft drinks and it was found that the concentration of Cu(II) and Pb(II) were corresponding to standardized values.
Highlights
In recent years, attention has been paid by scientists to the heavy metal ion discharge into the environment because of their highly toxic effects for the living organisms even at trace concentrations.1,2 Exposure to the lead, which is known as one of the most toxic elements, may result in bioaccumulation processes in the hematopoietic, hepatic, renal, and gastrointestinal systems of humans; it can cause serious toxic effects on human health.3 Anthropogenic activities are the main source of lead along with industrial emissions
Synthesized dihydrazine amide derivative 3 was grafted onto carbon nanotubes containing COOH groups, which oxidized with HNO3/H2SO4 according to the literature28 in order to investigate binding efficiencies of CNT-Calix towards Cu(II) and Pb(II), which is reported for the first time in this article (Scheme 1)
Carbon nanotubes with COOH (CNT-COOH) have a characteristic peak at 1700 cm–1 associated with the carboxylic groups and provide the absorbance at around 1100 cm–1 corresponding to the other side-groups
Summary
Attention has been paid by scientists to the heavy metal ion discharge into the environment because of their highly toxic effects for the living organisms even at trace concentrations. Exposure to the lead, which is known as one of the most toxic elements, may result in bioaccumulation processes in the hematopoietic, hepatic, renal, and gastrointestinal systems of humans; it can cause serious toxic effects on human health. Anthropogenic activities are the main source of lead along with industrial emissions. Attention has been paid by scientists to the heavy metal ion discharge into the environment because of their highly toxic effects for the living organisms even at trace concentrations.. Because heavy metal ions are toxic even at trace concentrations, they should be present in limited values in environmental and biological materials. A number of qualitative and quantitative methods have been utilized such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) and UV-Vis spectrometry.. A number of qualitative and quantitative methods have been utilized such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) and UV-Vis spectrometry.6,7 These methods require some time-consuming manipulation steps, expensive instruments and special training. A number of qualitative and quantitative methods have been utilized such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) and UV-Vis spectrometry. But these methods require some time-consuming manipulation steps, expensive instruments and special training.
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