Fabricating a photochromic benzonitrile Schiff base into a low-cost reusable paper-based wearable sensor for naked-eye dosimetry of UV radiations

Abstract

We report in this study a photochromic benzonitrile Schiff base, (E)-4-((2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzylidene)amino)benzonitrile (HMBAB). The molecular design, synthesis, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) as well as the quantum chemical calculations were outlined. In particular, HMBAB would undergo a reversible tautomerism in response to UV exposure, exhibiting remarkable changes in both absorption and emission: the compound shows yellow color and green-yellow luminescence; after UV exposure, the changes into orange-red while the luminescence is dramatically quenched, accompanied by a large bathochromic-shift. In addition, the photochromic state can be fully recovered via thermal treatment. Such reversible dual-channel photochromism was investigated using UV–vis reflectance spectroscopy and colorimeter, wherein a gradient change with time and a high fatigue resistance in cycle use was recorded. The photochromism is quantified by well-established RGB and Lab color space, in which the color change can be accurately analyzed by the chromatic aberration (ΔE*Lab). Sensitivity test gives a two-stage linear relation between ΔE*Lab and UV intensity, by which a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 67 μW/cm2 is obtained. HMBAB was further fabricated into a paper-based wearable sensor, capable of being integrated into a chest card or a bracelet. It exhibits various degrees of color change in different sunlight environments, which can be readily observed by naked eyes, providing an early warning for high-dose UV radiations.