Abstract
BackgroundA significant percentage of women taking antipsychotic medication may be suffering from abnormal menses during their treatment, which influences both fertility and adherence to medication. It is particularly common in patients prescripted with risperidone. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for abnormal menses in female individuals with schizophrenia during risperidone treatment, especially the relationship between abnormal menses and the dose or the length of the medicine.MethodsThis study used a retrospective data. 202 female patients diagnosed with schizophrenia using risperidone were screened. Doses and length of treatment with risperidone were various. 38 were excluded for their menstrual irregularities before treatment, in which 4 amenorrhea and 15 menopause. 164 female patients included, but 3 of them absent of data. 161 female patients included in analyses at last.ResultsOf the 161 patients, 119 were eumenorrhea up to our analyses, and other 42 abnormal menses, including 23 menstrual irregularities, 8 amenorrhea and 11 oligomenorrhea. There was no statistical difference in age (32.0 ± 8.6 vs. 31.4 ± 10.1) (years), education (12.2 ± 2.3 vs. 12.6 ± 2.2) (years), age at onset 26.7 ± 8.0 vs. 24.8 ± 8.4) (years), duration of illness (5.8 ± 5.2 vs. 7.0 ± 7.7) (years), PANSS total score (37.2 ± 8.8 vs. 38.1 ± 7.0) between normal group and abnormal group. There was also no statistical difference in risperidone dose at baseline (4.3 ± 0.7 vs. 4.3 ± 0.5) (mg/d), total treatment in this episode (5.3 ± 4.7 vs. 5.4 ± 5.4) (months), overall length of risperidone treatment in this episode (86.7 ± 62.0 vs. 98.6 ± 73.5) (days), length of risperidone treatment at optimal therapeutic dose (63.0 ± 64.5 vs. 51.3 ± 26.7) (days).DiscussionSome research suggests antipsychotic-induced abnormal menses is related to medication-induced high prolactinemia level and low estradiol level pretreatment. But few study reports the relationship between abnormal menses and the dose or the length of the medicine. This study got negative results, which suggest the occurrence of abnormal menses widely depend on individual quality rather than the length and the dose of the antipsychotic. But there are some limits in the study. First, the dosage range among these subjects were relatively narrow. And then, the length of risperidone treatment is generally short. In the next step of research, we will improve these two points.
Highlights
In patients with schizophrenia, antipsychotic medications, including second-generation antipsychotics, may cause many side-effects (SE) often leading to treatment discontinuation, and possible relapse as a consequence
Patient inclusion criteria: Self-reported schizophrenia diagnosis; 18 to 65 years old; stable for at least one month at time of screening; prescribed a second-generation antipsychotic medication for 1–12 months; the final sample consisted of those individuals who reported experiencing one or more sideeffects based on the GASS
This study aimed to identify the risk factors for abnormal menses in female individuals with schizophrenia during risperidone treatment, especially the relationship between abnormal menses and the dose or the length of the medicine
Summary
The ability to perceive, recognize and process own and others’ emotions is crucial for efficient and effective social communication. Methods: We use a data-driven technique, i.e. reverse correlation image classification (RCIC), which makes it possible to visualize internal representations of faces on computer screens. The participants’ responses to a large number of faces are used to model the facial information that was idiosyncratically diagnostic for the judgments This analysis yields a classification image (CI) for each participant, which visualizes the facial characteristics that drive judgments of emotional expressions (i.e., their internal representation). We use RCIC to investigate and reconstruct the mental representation of trustworthiness as expressed on the face in 32 patients with schizophrenia and 39 controls. Data-driven multidimensional scaling of the classification images implicate 3 clusters of images, reflecting untrustworthy, neutral, and trustworthy faces These first analyses suggest that there is no evidence for differences in internal representation of (un)trustworthy faces between patients and controls. Andrei Pikalov*,1, Brian Miller, Cynthia Siu, Michael Tocco, Joyce Tsai, Philip Harvey, Antony Loebel
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