Eyes-Open and Eyes-Closed Resting States With Opposite Brain Activity in Sensorimotor and Occipital Regions: Multidimensional Evidences From Machine Learning Perspective.

Jie Wei,Guangyuan Liu,Tong Chen,Dongtao Wei,Jiang Qiu,Chuandong Li

doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00422

Abstract

Studies have demonstrated that there are widespread significant differences in spontaneous brain activity between eyes-open (EO) and eyes-closed (EC) resting states. However, it remains largely unclear whether spontaneous brain activity is effectively related to EO and EC resting states. The amplitude, local functional concordance, inter-hemisphere functional synchronization, and network centrality of spontaneous brain activity were measured by the fraction amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (fALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo), voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) and degree centrality (DC), respectively. Using the public Eyes-open/Eyes-closed dataset, we employed the support vector machine (SVM) and bootstrap technique to establish linking models for the fALFF, ReHo, VMHC and DC dimensions. The classification accuracies of linking models are 0.72 (0.59, 0.82), 0.88 (0.79, 0.97), 0.82 (0.74, 0.91) and 0.70 (0.62, 0.79), respectively. Specifically, we observed that brain activity in the EO condition is significantly greater in attentional system areas, including the fusiform gyrus, occipital and parietal cortex, but significantly lower in sensorimotor system areas, including the precentral/postcentral gyrus, paracentral lobule (PCL) and temporal cortex compared to the EC condition from the four dimensions. The results consistently indicated that spontaneous brain activity is effectively related to EO and EC resting states, and the two resting states are of opposite brain activity in sensorimotor and occipital regions. It may provide new insight into the neural substrate of the resting state and help computational neuroscientists or neuropsychologists to choose an appropriate resting state condition to investigate various mental disorders from the resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique.

Highlights

Studies have demonstrated that there are widespread significant differences in spontaneous brain activity between eyes-open (EO) and eyes-closed (EC) resting states using the functional magnetic resonance imaging technique
From the fraction amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (fALFF) dimension reflecting the intensity of local brain neuronal activity (Zang et al, 2007; Zou et al, 2008), we found that the fALFF values in the EO resting state are significantly increased in the right middle occipital gyrus (MOG) and precuneus, but significantly decreased in the left precentral gyrus compared to the EC resting state
From the regional homogeneity (ReHo) dimension reflecting local functional connectivity (Zang et al, 2004; Jiang and Zuo, 2016), we found that the ReHo values in the EO resting state are significantly increased in the left fusiform gyrus and middle temporal gyrus, and right fusiform gyrus and MOG, but significantly decreased in the left putamen, precentral/postcentral gyrus and right superior temporal gyrus, insula and paracentral lobule (PCL), relative to the EC resting state

Summary

Introduction

Studies have demonstrated that there are widespread significant differences in spontaneous brain activity between eyes-open (EO) and eyes-closed (EC) resting states using the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique. From the network topological measures aspect of spontaneous brain activity, it was found that the nodal degree, average network connection distance, cliquishness and local efficiency distance in EO resting state were significantly increased, but global efficiency was significantly decreased as compared with the EC resting state (Jao et al, 2013; Xu et al, 2014) These significant differences of spontaneous brain activity between EO and EC resting states could support an ‘‘exteroceptive’’ and ‘‘interoceptive’’ mental states hypothesis (Marx et al, 2003), in which the ‘‘exteroceptive’’ mental state was characterized by attention and ocular motor activity during EO and the ‘‘interoceptive’’ mental state was characterized by imagination and multisensory activity during EC. The other important dimensions of spontaneous brain activity (Zuo and Xing, 2014; Aiello et al, 2015), including the ReHo (Zang et al, 2004), voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC; Zuo et al, 2010; Anderson et al, 2011), and degree centrality (DC; Buckner et al, 2009; Zuo et al, 2012) reflecting local or long distance functional connectivity, remain to be investigated and may provide new insight into the neural substrate of the resting state

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Discussion

Conclusion